HANDBOOK OF THE COLLECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 57 



to pegs driven in the shell. Like all drums of this type it is beaten 

 with the fingers. An interesting drum from Mashonaland in South 

 Africa (167472, pi. 23a) was collected by W. Harvey Browne in 

 1803. It has one head of zebra skin, pegged to the shell with wooden 

 pins. This type of drum appears as the " voodoo drum " in Haiti. A 

 notable example (292145, pi. 23c) was collected in Haiti by Capt. 

 11. O. Underwood, United States Marine Corps. It is said that in 

 Haiti, the foot of a drum is often embeddied in soft earth so that 

 the drum will stand upright. The shape of this drum suggests that 

 it may have been used in this manner. 



A large specimen of this type of drum is from the Sandwich 

 Islands (93607, pi. 236). The shell is hollowed out of a solid log 

 of Koa wood and is very heavy. The base of the resonance chamber 

 does not rest on the ground but is supported by 10 festoons of open 

 loops cut in the wood. The head of pigskin is fastened without a 

 hoop, numerous holes being made in the edge of the head and lacing 

 passed between these holes and the open loops at the base of the 

 shell. A little red Chinese drum (54034) came from Canton. The 

 shell is turned from a block of wood and beveled at the base. The 

 open top is covered with pigskin fastened with large headed iron 

 nails. 



An interesting specimen from the American Indians is 201969, 

 which was used in the MIde'wiwin (Grand Medicine Society) of the 

 Chippewa Indians. The shell of this drum is made from a log of 

 wood hollowed by charring and scraping. It has a wooden bottom, 

 made water-tight with gum or resin. When in use the drum is 

 partly tilled with water, which increases its resonance. Such a drum 

 has been heard a distance of 12 miles across a lake. The drumhead is 

 of deerskin, held by a hoop wound with cloth. The head is dampened, 

 laid over the top of the drum, and pressed down by the hoop. As 

 the hide dries it tightens. The tension can be adjusted by moistening 

 the head and holding it in the warmth of a fire. The drumstick is 

 an important adjunct of this ceremonial drum and the end which 

 touches the drum is sometimes carved in a symbolic design. The 

 stick with this drum has a crossbar at the end. 



An interesting pair of small kettledrums from Ceylon (95170, 

 pi. 27 g) were obtained at the World's Columbian Exposition in 

 Chicago, 1893. The two shells are of conoidal form made from 

 blocks of wood and lashed together side by side. Each has a raw- 

 hide head stretched over a flesh hoop of twisted thongs and laced 

 with a strap from the head to a rawhide ring made of thongs around 

 the base. The rattan drumsticks with hoop-shaped heads are wound 

 with strips of cloth. The larger drum has a shield, or ring-shaped 

 piece about an inch wide, put over the head. 



