HANDBOOK OF THE COLLECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 59 



example of the former type is the pottery drum of the Zuni Indians. 

 A particularly fine specimen of this drum is exhibited. Attention is 

 directed to the shape of the rim, which is different from that of an 

 ordinary water jar, permitting a secure fastening of the top. Such 

 drums were used ceremonially and were beaten with sticks having 

 a hoop at the end which touched the drum. 



The use of pottery drum shells was general throughout Central 

 America in ancient times as well as more recently in Mediterranean 

 countries, but a majority of the specimens are vase shaped, open 

 at the lower end. From Egypt, however, we have a drum (95G98, 

 pi. 256?), consisting of a pottery cup or jar with a rawhide head 

 stretched over the opening and secured by a thong. Two specimens 

 from Morocco are double drums of pottery without the heads. The 

 smaller is 95755 and the larger (95733), consists of two earthen- 

 ware vessels which resemble kettledrums and are fastened together. 

 They are of the same height, but different diameters, and are deco- 

 rated with lines etched in the clay. Each had a head of rawhide 

 laced with a thong to a hoop at the base of the shell. 



A second type of this class of drums comprises those with shells 

 open at both ends, the lower opening being covered with wood or 

 heavy hide. Two Chinese drums illustrate this structure. The 

 smaller is 94853, which has a shell of thick turned wood, the upper 

 portion rounded and the lower edge beveled with an opening about 

 4 inches in diameter, which is covered by a circle of heavy hide nailed 

 in position. Near this is a larger Chinese drum with a flat top 

 (54035, pi. 28e). A circle of wood is nailed over the lower, smaller 

 end of the shell. The head of this drum appears to be of horse- 

 hide, and shows the holes by which it was stretched while drying. 

 The drum is provided with rings for suspension in a frame and was 

 used in connection with theatrical performances. 



DRUMS WITH ONE HEAD 



The three general types in this class are the " vase-shaped " drums 

 made of pottery, metal, and wood, the tall slender drums of bamboo 

 and wood, and the hoop with a vibrating membrane stretched across 

 one opening, the latter being a type commonly used by the Amer- 

 ican Indians. 



Vase-shaped drums of pottery with one head have been used for 

 centuries in Central America. Two very rare specimens from the 

 United States of Colombia are in the present collection. They were 

 taken from excavations near Chiriqui and are of gray clay, slender, 

 and resembling a vase. A flaring trumpet-shaped mouth charac- 

 terizes 109601. The head of this drum was evidently held in place 

 by forcing the parchment into a shallow groove and securing it with 



