The cooling water was circulated by thermosyphon 

 action, although the first several thousand model-T cars 

 built in 1908 had centrifugal water pumps. A belt-driven 

 fan is mounted behind the radiator at the front of the car. 



The lower half, or oil pan, of the crankcase is formed of 

 pressed steel and extends back to enclose the bottom of the 

 flywheel, the planetary transmission, and the universal 

 joint. Another pressed-steel piece, bolted to the top of this 

 extension, completes the enclosure. 



The magneto consists of permanent magnets, bolted to 

 the forward face of the flywheel in a circle close to its rim, 

 and a series of flat insulated coils supported upon a sta- 

 tionary spider in a circle opposite the magnets. As the fly- 

 wheel revolved, the magnets passed the coils and generated 

 current at about six volts. The current was supplied 

 through a low-tension timer to four trembler coils, which 

 raised the voltage for ignition. 



The planetary transmission, providing two speeds forward 

 and one reverse, is attached to the rear side of the flywheel. 

 The low-speed and reverse gears and the foot-brake drum 

 have spring-steel bands faced with friction lining. The 

 high-speed clutch is composed of a number of steel disks. 

 All these parts are fully enclosed in the oil-tight, pressed- 

 steel case. The rotation of the flywheel supplied oil for the 

 engine lubrication and the transmission. 



The rear-axle housing is made of pressed steel, in two 

 halves, joined in the vertical center plane of the differential 

 housing. Roller bearings, at the inner and outer ends of 

 each half of the housing, support the axle shafts. Angular 

 braces connect the outer ends of the axle housing to the for- 

 ward end of the torque tube enclosing the drive shaft. A 

 truss rod (not original equipment) beneath the axle housing 

 stiffens it. 



A semielliptic spring is mounted transversely on each axle. 

 These springs are linked to the axles, and their centers are 

 firmly held in and clipped to the U-shaped front and rear 

 cross members of the frame. These members are curved 

 to fit the spring arches. Front axle alignment is main- 

 tained by diagonal braces from the ends of the axle to the 

 front of the flywheel housing. The frame is of pressed-steel 



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