(Lautenspielerin) refers to the Lautcntal mine. A 

 Stangenkiinsi (fig. 7) existed here as recently as 1930. 



The mines shown in figuies 1-3 are in the Harz region. 



I'igurcs 4 and 5 show the St. .Xnna mine in the Erzgc- 

 birge, near Freiberg, as iUustrated on a medal in the 

 Brunswick museum. Prominent in figure 4 is an aque- 

 duct, one function of which is to supply a walcrwheel in 

 the house below, which in turn delivers power through 

 the Stangenkimst to two open shafts. The reverse 

 (fig. 5), an unusually fine view of the inner workings of 

 a mine, shows, above ground, a t\pical horse whim 

 driving a bucket windlass. Below ground is shown a 

 crank-driven piston puinp typical of those driven by 

 Stangenkunst. In this case, however, it is driven by 

 an underground vertical treadmill. 



is the case with the Kehrrad, a bucket windlass 

 driven by a reversible waterwheel which Agricola 

 describes as his largest hauling inachine.'" 



'"Agricola, op. cil. (footnote 7), ed. Hoover, p. 199. His 

 contemporary and fellow-townsman Mathesius equates the 

 Kehrrad to the Bulgenkunst [Sarepla, p. 145, Nurnberg, 1571). 

 According to Veith {op. cil., footnote 8, p. 286), Sebastian 

 Miinster in his Cosmographei ... (p. 381, Basel, 1558), had 

 previously mentioned its use in the mines of Meissen; and its 

 introduction has been put as early as 1500 by Otto Vogel 

 ("Christopher Pohlem und seine Beziehungcn zum Harzcr 

 Bergbau," Beilrdge z"r Gescliichle der Technik und Industrie, 1913, 

 vol. 5, p. 324.) 



Figure 3. — Brunswick Silver 4 Taler, Ernst 

 August, 1685. {U. S. National Museum, Paul A. 

 Straub coll.; Smithsonian photo 43334--4.) 



Agricola describes 23 hauling devices of these four 

 types, the diversity resulting generally from the 

 application of three types of prime movers, men, 

 horses, and waterwheels, and in the endowment of 

 each in turn with a mechanical advantage in the 

 form of gearing." Although he does not specify 

 clearly the relative importance of the various pumps, 

 the majority (13) use man as the prime inover. He 

 speaks of the advantages of some, noting that the 

 horse whim has a power two and a half times that of 

 the man windlass, and emphasizing the even greater 

 power available in flowing water "when a running 

 stream can be diverted to a mine." The most 

 powerful machine then in use for deep mines ap- 

 pears to have been the horse-powered rag and chain 

 pump. 



Such, then, were the important luining machines of 

 this early period of deep mining, according to the 

 leading authority. But did they continue, as has 

 Ix-cn claimed, to be the only important machines of 

 the subsequent century? G. E. Lohneyss," \\Titing 

 a little over a half century after the publication of 

 De re metallica, declared: 



The old miners [altcn Berglcutc] had Hcintzcn, Kcrratt, 

 Bulgenkunst, Taschen-kunsi, Pum(H-n, with which one 

 lifted water with cans on pulleys or with a treadmill; and 



Figure 5. — Reverse or Medal shown in figure 4. 

 {Photo courtesy of Stadtisches Museum, Braunschweig.) 



" Agricola, op. cil. (footnote 7), cd. Hoover, pp. 160-199. 

 " G. E. Lohncyss, BrrichI ran Bergwrrktn, 1619?, n. p., p. 3. 



PAPER 7: MINE PUMPING IN AGRICOLA's TIME AND LATER 



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