mentions the use of the Fcldkunsi. 

 which term signified the extended rods, 

 as having been known in 1565. 



The disadvantage of moving the 

 weight of a long extension of rods was 

 obviated, during the 17th century, 

 through the use of a double set of 

 balanced rods, resembling a panto- 

 graph. At some later date the horse 

 whim was fitted with a crank and 

 adapted to the Stangenkunst,'" thus 

 permitting the establishment of a veri- 

 table power network, as suggested in 

 figure 1. 



The Freiberg mine director Martin 

 Planer reported in 1570 the installation 

 since 1557 of thirty-eight "Kunsten und 

 Zeugen" in mines under his charge. 

 That these were water-powered ma- 

 chines is clear from his remark that 

 their cost was only 10 to 20 percent 

 that of "Pferden und Kncchten." '" It 

 is likely that many if not most were 

 Stangcnkunsten, for mining treatises of 

 the 17th and 18th centuries testify to 

 the continuous extension of this mecha- 

 nism.'* 



Perhaps the most striking evidence 

 of its importance is its representation 

 on the illustrated coinage of the 17th century. These 

 multiple talers (figs. 1, 2, 3), happy products of the 

 ingenious fiscal policies of the Dukes of Brunswick, 

 picture mining activity in the 17th century no less 

 elegantly than do the woodcuts of De re metallica a 

 century earlier. The Stangenkunst received its most 

 spectacular application in France, in its application 

 to the driving of the second- and third-stage pumps 

 in the famous waterworks at Marly (1681-88), but 



'" I have been unable to find an early reference to this 

 innovation, which appears in a sketch of 1784-85 iUustrating 

 Conrad MaLschoss', "Die Maschinen des deutschcn Berg- und 

 Huttcnwescns vor 100 Jahren," Beitriige cer Geschichle der Technik 

 und Industrie (1909), Band I, p. 7. Its introduction may be 

 connected with the appearance of the term Rosskunst for the 

 horse windlass, known earlier as the Gopel. 



" "Bericht des Ber^erwalters .Martin Planer ilbcr den Stand 

 des Freibcrger Bcrgbaues im Jahre 1570,"' ed. R. Wenijler, 

 Millheitungen Freibnger Allnlumstrrein, 1898, vol. 35, pp. 75- 83. 



" The description of the Stangenkimst in its various modifica- 

 tions is one of the chief topics of the prenously cited work of 

 Calvor (footnote 15), and from his and other references it is 

 clear that the subject was also treated extensively by such 

 earlier writers as Lohneyss (1617) and Rossler (1700). 



Figure 7. — Feldgestange (Sta.ncenkl'.nst) Near 

 Lautent.\l. From C. Matschoss, Technische Kul- 

 turdenkmal, Munich, 1932. 



its real importance is better illustrated in central 

 Europe, by the many descriptions and drawings 

 showing its use in the mines, driving machinery as 

 distant as a mile '■' from the source of power. 



It seems, therefore, that Lohneyss" "old miners"' 

 were those described by .Agricola, and that the mine- 

 hauling machinery u.scd in central European mines 

 changed in the century after him far more than has 

 been recognized.-'' This thesis may further cast 

 some light on other technological questions. The 



'» Fritsche and Wagenbreth, op. cil. (footnote 14), p. 112. 



'" The hauling of ori-s, as opposed to water, seems to have 

 remained as shown by .Vgricola tmlil the end of the 17th cen- 

 tury. In 1694, however, the famous .Swedish engineer Chris- 

 topher Polhem built at Falim a waler-powere<l conveyer 

 s>-stem which brought the ore from the point of origin in the 

 mine to the smelter in a single operation, terminating with 

 tlic automatic imloading of the buckets (Vogel, op. cil., foot- 

 note 10, p. 306). 



PAPER 7: MINE PUMPING IN AGRICOLA's TIMK AND LAIER 



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