convince them of this necessity. There is no evidence 

 that the hame bells later to be found on professional 

 teams were used at this early date. The advertise- 

 ment -* that was circulated for the 1759 expedition 

 mentions a "slip bell . . . for each horse'" among the 

 items necessary on an expedition, so it is possible 

 that some drivers of the 1755 expedition may have 

 used a single bell on each horse, as was the custom 

 with pack horses. These bells, kept stuffed during 

 the day, were unstuffed at night when the horses were 

 put out to forage in the woods so that they might be 

 more easily found in the norning. Orme mentions no 

 bells, although he writes of other methods used to 

 avoid losing horses at night. 



Early in May detachments of the Army began to 

 arrive at Wills Creek. During the advance to Wills 

 Creek the lack of transportation had been keenly felt. 

 Wagons had been forced to shuttle back and forth 

 between camps in order to keep all stores and pro- 

 visions mo\ing forward.-^ By the latter part of May 

 the Pennsylvania wagons were coming in; about 90 

 arrived on May 20. That same night 30 wagons had 

 to be sent on to Winchester to bring up to Wills Creek 

 the pro\isions which could not be brought earlier for 



Figure 7. — Farm-Type Conestoga Wagon, about 

 1850, in ihe collection of the author. The tongue 



is not full length. {Photo by the author.) 



lack of wagons. Also, 300 of the pack horses had to 

 be sent back to Conocochcaguc, through which the 

 wagons had jusi passed, to bring up the flour which 

 agent Cresap of that place had through neglect or 

 intention failed to forward in the wagons as he had 

 been directed. On May 27, 100 wagons were on 

 hand, with some still coming in.^' According to the 

 accounts of the commission later appointed to settle 

 wagoner's claims, 146 wagons with teams, and about 

 510 pack horses were provided by Pennsylvanians 

 to accompany the army.-"^ 



As the army prepared to mo\e from Fort CumlxM- 

 land, William Shirley, secretary to General Braddock, 

 advised Governor Morris "we move from this place 

 with 200 Waggons." ''* In many communications 

 such as this there appears a certain looseness in re- 

 porting numbers in round figures, and al.so in using 

 the words "waggons" or "carriages" in an all in- 



-* Ih,d. 



■* Will H. Lowdcrmilk, Edward Braddock's ordnty books, 

 Cumberland, 1880, p. 25. 



-<' .Seaman's Journal, in .S.imeni. n/i. cil. (footnote 2), p. 380. 

 '" Lewis Burd Walker, cd., The selllemeni 0/ Ihe tvaggonfrs' 

 accounts, 1899. 



-' Petmsyliania Archives, scr. 1, vol. 2, Shirley to Morris, June 7, 



1755. 



PAPER 9: CONESTOGA WAGONS IN BR.ADDOCK's C.XMPAIGN, 1755 



147 



