
Longitadion! Seren 


Figure 8.—Tue Delaware As BUILT IN 1846 By Ross Winans for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. 
It was not a successful anthracite burner and was rebuilt in 1850 by Millholland with a central-com- 
bustion-chamber boiler. 
centrating their energies on the other basic problem 
of perfecting flexible running gears for the uneven 
and cheaply built tracks that characterized most rail- 
roads in the United States. 
Millholland’s initial attempt to produce an anthra- 
cite burner was on a Norris six-wheel connected 
engine, the Philadelphia.\* Built in 1844, this wood 
burner had exploded shortly after being placed in 
service and already had been rebuilt once in the 
company’s shops before Millholland’s remodeling of 
1848 or 1849. He made an effort to increase the 
grate area, but the machine was a dismal failure as a 
coal burner. The rebuilt Philadelphia, however, is 
14 Ancus SINCLAIR Development of the Locomotive Engine (New 
York: Sinclair Publishing Co., 1907), p. 288. Sinclair mis- 
takenly states that the Philadelphia was a new locomotive and 
the first engine to be constructed by Millholland for the 
Reading. 
(From American Locomotives, 1849, by E. Reuter.) 
noteworthy for its double-poppet throttle valve. 
(A valve of this type is shown at 7 in fig. 11.) This is 
one of the earliest recorded uses of the poppet throttle, 
which after 1870 became the standard throttle valve 
for all American locomotives. Millholland was 
probably the first in America to make large-scale use 
of this style of throttle. 
Not long after the Philadelphia’s rebuilding, Mill- 
holland attempted to modify the Warrior, an 0-8-0 
flexible-beam freight engine built by Baldwin in 
1846, for anthracite. The firebox was extended 
behind the rear driving wheels and widened to about 
66 inches.!® This was an enormous increase in grate 
15 Rauch makes this statement in his article on Millholland in 
Railway and Locomotive Engineering (June 1903), vol. 16, p. 276. 
The Philadelphia and Reading annual report for 1858, how- 
ever, lists the Warrior as rebuilt in 1858. 
PAPER 69: JAMES MILLHOLLAND AND EARLY RAILROAD ENGINEERING 11 
