
Figure 17.—TuHIs CLEAN-LINE PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE, THE Hiawatha, WAS BUILT BY MILLHOLLAND IN 1859. 
(Smith- 
It was the first of a very successful class of passenger locomotives and was not retired until 1883. 

sonian photo 40630. 
master machinist rarely was invited to make any 
direct comment. Obviously, the management rec- 
ognized the importance of Millholland’s achievement 
and now wanted him to report directly to the stock- 
holders. 
In his report, Millholland briefly reviews the road’s 
experience with the Winans engines and his progres- 
sive enlargement of the grate area from 17.68 square 
feet in 1847 to 24.5 square feet in 1854. Under- 
standably, he makes no mention of the 1852 boiler 
patent or its dismal record. He does comment at 
length on the water grate and the substitution of iron 
for copper in fireboxes, in which his work was of equal 
PAPER 69: JAMES MILLHOLLAND AND EARLY 
Q2 
importance. Copper had been favored for the inner 
wrapper of the firebox because it did not blister and 
break down as readily as the fibrous wrought-iron 
Mill- 
holland reported that the renewal of a copper firebox 
cost $454 compared to $199 for iron, the difference 
plate, but it was expensive, soft, and weak. 
lying in the price of materials. The copper sheets had 
to be made very thick, about *; of an inch, because 
they were weak and became even weaker when 
heated. The last and most important objection to 
copper was that it was a soft material and was rapidly 
worn away by the abrasive action of the fly ash (un- 
burned particles of coal) as exhaust drew the smoke 
RAILROAD ENGINEERING Pa 
