silhouette dates the bell as being cast after 1760. Be- 

 hind the bell rests the morada death cart. Also in the 

 room are a plank ladder and the oil drum stove raised 

 on an adobe dais ( Figure 23 ) to the east of the exterior 

 door. 



Sacristy in Both Moradas. — While a panelled 

 wooden box in the south morada stands inside the ex- 

 terior door of the east room, another type of chest, said 

 to hold cooking utensils, rests in the northwest corner 

 of the center room of the east morada. Both storage 

 chests are located in rooms with corner fireplaces. An 

 infonnant said that these boxes held heating and cook- 

 ing utensils and ceremonial equipment, including the 

 penitentes' rule book. As noted above, the two fireplaces 

 in the middle room of the east morada suggest that it 

 was built earlier than the south morada, which has a 

 single fireplace in the less active and more convenient 

 rear storage room. Further evidence of this point is that 

 the storage chest in the east morada is better con- 

 structed than that in the south morada; the former dis- 

 plays a slanted top and punch-decorated tin reinforce- 

 ments on its corners. In the center room there are 

 several benches with lathe-turned legs (Figure 24). 



The central room of the south morada also displays 

 a number of benches of an earlier style (Figure 25). 

 Over the rear door appears an unusual cross (Figure 

 26). The cross consists of two wood planks, 1.6 centi- 

 meters thick, notched together and covered with paper. 

 The surface bears carefully drawn, or perhaps sten- 

 ciled, floral and religious designs in indigo blue: eleven 

 Latin crosses appear among flowering vases, oversize 

 buds, and 4-, 5-, and 8-pointed stars. These motifs 

 probably are the result of copying from weaving or 

 quilt pattern books of the late 19th century. A local 

 penitente leader stated that the cross was made before 

 1925 by Onesimo Martinez of Abiquiu, when the latter 

 was in his thirties. (The strong religious symbolism of 

 the New Mexican designs reminds one of the stylized 

 motifs on Adantic Coastal folk drawings and textiles 

 of Germanic origin.) 



Snare drums appear in the central room of both 

 moradas (Figures 27, 28). The drum in the east mo- 

 rada is mounted on top of a truncated wicker basket. It 

 is interesting to note that rifles and drums commonly 

 are recorded in mission choir lofts in 1776 by Domin- 

 guez." In addition to marking significant moments in 

 church ritual, they are used in Indian and Hispano 

 village fiestas. 



57. Ibid., pp. 107, 131 (ftn. 4), 167. 

 PAPER 63: THE PENITENTE MORADAS OF ABIQUIU 



Before describing religious objects in the west end 

 rooms of Abiquiii moradas, a list of similar items in 

 Santo Tomas Mission at an earlier date (1776) is of 

 interest: 



a medium-sized bell . . . altar table . . . gradin . . . 

 altar cloth ... a banner . . . candleholders . . . pro- 

 cessional cross ... a painted wooden cross . . . ordi- 

 nary single-leaved door . . . image in the round of 

 Our Lady of the [Immaculate] Conception ... a wig 

 . . . silver crown . . . string of fine seed pearls . . . 

 ordinary bouquet . . . painting on copper of Our Lady 

 of Sorrows {Dolores) in a black frame . . . Via Crucis 

 in small paper prints on their little boards ... a print 

 of the Guadalupe."* 



Comparable versions of each of these objects occur in 

 Abiquiii's moradas. In fact, virtually all objects found 

 in the penitente moradas of Abiquiu are recorded as 

 typical artifacts by church inventories and house wills 

 of 18th- and 19th-century Spanish New Mexico.^" 



Oratory in the East Morada. — In the rear of the 

 oratory of the older east morada (Figure 12'!, one sees 

 a stove and lantern on the right. Both are imported, 

 extracultural items. The pierced, tin candle-lantern 

 (Figure 29) is a common artifact found throughout 

 Europe and America.''" 



Along the walls of the oratory hang imported reli- 

 gious prints framed in local punch-decorated rinwork. 

 Tin handicraft became more widespread after 1850 

 when metal U.S. Army containers became available to 

 the Hispanos. Designs seen on three tin frames (Figure 

 30) include twisted columns, crests, scallops, comer 

 blocks, wings, and a variety of simple repousse patterns. 

 Paper prints in the tin frame suggest midcentury trade 

 contacts between northern Mexico and the Atlantic 

 Coast. Even the Mexican War ( 1846- 1848) did not dis- 

 courage American publishers such as Currier from ap- 

 pealing to Mexican religious and national loyalties with 

 lithographs of Our Lady of Guadalupe (much in the 

 same manner as the British, after the Re\olution and 

 War of 181 2, profited by selling Americans objects that 



58. Ibid., pp. 12 1-123. 



59. AASF Loose Documents. Mission, 1 680-1 850, and 

 .\ccounts, books x.\xxv and Ixiv. Also in Wills and Hijuelas, 

 State Records Center, and in TwitchcU documents, Land 

 Management Bureau, both offices in Santa Fe, New Mexico. 



60. Walter Hough, Collections of Healing and Lighting 

 (Smithsonian Inst. Bull. 141, Washington, DC, 1928), pi. 

 28a, no. 3. 



137 



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