ANCIENT PUEBLOS OF UPPER GILA REGION, 



23 



Fig. 30. — Stone saw 

 FROM Joseph, Tula- 

 ROSA River. 



a- b 



Fig. 31. — Stone saw from 

 Luna, New Mexico, 



or merely sharp, are found south of the "Wliite Mountains, but such 

 objects are very mfrequent in the rest of the Pueblo region. (Figs. 

 30, 31, 32, 33.) They were used for working wood, specimens of 

 which in process are shown. (Fig. 129.) P. G. 

 Gates, of Pasadena, California, possesses a speci- 

 men which was bound up with a strip of wood 

 showing the marks of work of this implement. 

 The specimen was found in a cave near Soda 

 Springs in the White Mountain Apache Keserva- 

 tion. The prevalence of these instruments is due 

 to the abundance of suitable spalls of volcanic rock found in this 

 region, while in northern Arizona rocks are almost altogether sand- 

 stone and other sedimentary strata. 



DEILLS. 



Drill points which have been found on the 

 ruins differ not at all from the customaiy 

 form of this implement in America. The 

 material is commonly chert, chalcedony, and 

 sometimes obsidian. Often the drill point 

 is long and finely chipped and frequently 

 the base is flared, as though it were used 

 between the fingers as a gimlet. It is also possible that this large 

 form of drill was not hafted. The size of the drill corresponds to 

 the holes made in pottery for mending purposes, in bone, in the 

 larger stone ornaments, and sometimes, though 

 rarely, in wood. In the latter material a bone 

 awl was employed. Several mounted flint drills 

 were found. 



Large drills or reamers were apparently not 

 needed except occasionally for tubular bores in 

 the cloud blowers and pipes. 



The ordinary drill bit would not be suitable for finer perforations, 

 which in beads are often very small, requiring a fine needle to carry a 

 thread through them, (See p. 25.) The means used to produce the 

 perforations are not definitely known, but they 

 might have been a cactus spine, or slender 

 splint of bone having enough burr to abrade 

 the soft stone usually formed into beads. 



A sliver of hardwood when started to drilling 

 in some stones will crush the structure under 

 its point and by revolution this powder still 

 further abrades continuously, needing only the 

 addition of water to keep the drill from jamming or gumming. 

 Harder stone requires abrasives whose use was well known by the 

 Indians, and the character of the stone influenced the kind of drill. 



Fig. 32. — Stone saw from 

 Apache Creek. 



Fig. 33. — Stone saw from 

 Blub River. 



