ANCIENT PUEBLOS OF UPPER GILA REGION. 



Ill 



closed in the hollow stalk. The rods are burnt off at one end, and the 

 bundle was found in place in a shrine, where it had been deposited. 

 It is 5 inches in length. (Cat. No. 232202, U.S.N.M.) . 



Fig. 247. — Pipe in 

 peocess from 

 TuLAROSA Cave. 



CLOUD BLOWERS. 



These are stone tubes from small to large size used for blowing a 

 cloud of smoke incense in ceremonies. Tlie smaller specimens, usually 

 of hard material, have been called pipes, but there 

 is really no discrimination as to use between them 

 and the large cloud blowers, and the name is only 

 retained for convenience of description. Concern- 

 ing their use. Dr. J. Walter Fewkes says : 



The Indians of Tnsayan smoke the leaves of various plants 

 and use various mixtures in their religious rites. In these 

 rites the one who controls the pipe, and who Is an important 

 functionary, must light it and immediately hand it to the 

 chief, friendly words being exchanged between the two. The chief blows from 

 his mouth the smoke which he has inhaled toward the four cardinal points, 

 north, south, east, west, upward, downward, and over the altar. They believe 

 that the smoke is the cloud symbolized by it ; and the ceremonies in which they 

 smoke have some secret relation to the offerings made to the gods of rain. 

 They use the utmost care in making the mixtures of tobacco which are to serve 

 for this sacred purpose, and the pipe must be lit with, the fire produced in the 

 manner prescribed by the rite. Every ceremony and council meeting of chiefs 

 begins and ends with this brotherly smoking.^ 



The small tubular pipe is rarely met with in this 

 region, in marked contrast with the number found 

 in northern Arizona and New Mexico. It would 

 appear that in the South, the place of the pipe is 

 taken by the cigarette, whose use was prevalent in 

 Mexico from ancient times, and whose range in the 

 United States appears to be local to the Pueblo 

 region. Of the present tribes the Zuili alone per- 

 petuate the reed cigarette, and they are also unique 

 in not using pipes in ceremonies. 



A pipe in process of manufacture is of coarse- 

 grained, gray, hard, volcanic stone worked into 

 cylindrical form and drilled through a portion of 

 its length. (Fig. 247.) This specimen is shaped 

 like those found in the Petrified Forest region of Arizona, a type 

 which is rare here. (Cat. No. 246472, U.S.N.M. Diameter, f inch; 

 length, 1| inches. Tularosa Cave.) Another small pottery object 

 resembling a pipe is from the Spur Ranch. It measures | inch in 

 diameter and If inches long. (Fig. 248, Cat. No. 231991, U.S.N.M.) 



Fig. 248. — Pipe of 

 pottery from 

 Spur Ranch. 



1 Report of the TJnited States commission to the Columbian Historical Exposition at 

 Madrid, 1892-93. With special papers. Washington, 1895, p. 283. 



