Illustration 83. — Hilling hoc. Onc-fourlh. 

 (USNM 59.1848.) 



Illustration 84. — Iron reinforcement 

 strip from back of shovel handle. 

 One-half. (USNM 59.1847.) 



wagon listed in the inventory is confined to nuts and 

 bolts that might have been used on such vehicles. A 

 long axle bolt (USNM 59.1802) measures 23 inches. 

 A small bolt or staple, split at one end and threaded 

 at the other, has a wingnut (USNM 60.145, ill. 81). 

 A hook with a heavy, diamond-shaped backplate and 

 a bolt hole was perhaps used on a wagon to secure 

 lashing (USNM 59.2030, ill. 82). A heavy, curved 

 piece of iron with a large hole, probably for a device 

 pin, appears to be from the cud ol a wagon tongue, 

 while a carefully made bolt with hand-hammered 

 head (USNM 59.1821) and a short ri\et with washer 

 (USNM 59.1881, fig. 91g) in place seem also to be 

 \ chicle parts. 



The inventory listed four com()lete harnesses, the 

 remains of which are probably to i)e foimd in four 

 square iron buckles (USNM 59.1644, 59.1901, 60.131, 

 fig. 91h), a brass ring (USNM 59.1678, fig. 83), and 

 an ornamental brass boss (USNM 59.1878, fig. 83j). 



Twelve "Swingle trees" (whippletree, whiffletree, 

 singletree) are listed in the inventory. The artifacts 

 include three iron loops or straps designed to be 

 secured to the swingletrees. One (USNM 59.2042, 

 fig. 91b) still has two large round links attached. 

 (In 1731 Chapman fitted ironwork to a swingletree.) 



Ten "Hillinghows," 17 "Weeding hows," and 8 

 "Grubbing hows" are listed. In the long Chapman 



Illustration 85. — Half of sheep shears. 

 One-half. (USNM 59.1734.) 



account for 1731 we see that Mercer then purchased 

 "5 narrow hoes" and "2 grubbing hoes." The onh' 

 archeological evidence of hoes is a fragmentary broad 

 hoe (probably a hilhng hoe) (USNM 59.1848, ill. 83) 

 and the collar of another. 



Thirteen axes are listed in the inventory. Again 

 we find Nathaniel Chapman providing a "new axe"" 

 in 1731 for five shillings, while William Himter sold 

 Mercer "2 narrow axes" and "4 Axes" in 1743. One 

 broken ax head occurs among the artifacts, worn 

 back from repeated grinding and split at the eye 

 (USNM 59.1740, fig. 89c). 



There were four spades and an iron shovel at Marl- 

 borough in 1771. An iron reinforcement from a 

 shovel handle occurred in the site (USNM 59.1847, 

 ill. 84), while a slightly less curved strip of iron ma\- 

 have been attached to a spade handle (USNM 59. 1 662) . 

 Once more in Chapman's account we find evidence of 



:o 



