These boats plane under suitable conditions and 

 usually are very weatherly under all sailing condi- 

 tions. The scow is entirely an American develop- 

 ment in racing types of sailing yachts, and the 

 designer-builder appears to have introduced bilge 

 boards and to have introduced features that mark 

 the modern Inland Lake scows. 



The model shows the usual scow form, but with a 

 sharp bow (both pointed and square bows are em- 

 ployed). The sheer is straight, the deck heavily 

 crowned. The bottom is rockered, fairing into a 

 curved, raking stem. The flat transom is vertical. 

 The greatest beam is just a little abaft midlength. 

 The midsection is formed with a short, flat floor, 

 a sweeping bilge hardening in curve outboard, and 

 a curved and flaring topside. 



The model has bilge boards — two centerboards 

 abreast, each in the bilge and so arranged as to be 

 nearly vertical when the hull is heeled to the designed 

 sailing angle. It is rigged with a jib-headed main- 

 sail; the end of the main boom and the foot of the 

 forestay are well inboard of the hull ends. 



Scale of the model is Y4 inch to the foot, for a boat 

 37 feet 10)^ inches overall length, 8 feet 2 inches beam, 

 and 1 foot 9 inches depth at side. 



Gift of John O. Johnson, boatbuilder, White Bear 

 Lake, Minnesota. 



WHITEHALL BOAT 1880 

 Rigged Model, usnm 25001 



The Whitehall boat, a type of rowboat once very 

 popular in the United States, originated in New York 

 City and was developed for the professional boatmen 

 of that port. From the place of its origin on Whitehall 

 Street, hence the name, the Whitehall boat spread to 

 Boston and other eastern ports and to the Pacific 

 Coast. It is believed that the type came into existence 

 soon after the War of 1812 and that the model was 

 developed from naval gigs built at the old New York 

 Navy Yard. By 1825 the Whitehall was fully de- 

 veloped and was used by watermen of all classes, 

 boarding-house rininers, mercantile brokers, sales- 

 men, ship-news reporters and others who required a 

 boat in their business in the large ports. The boats 

 varied to some extent in form and appearance and in 

 size according to their intended use. The length was 

 commonly between 14 and 18 feet but occasionally 

 was as long as 22 feet. They were rowed by one to six 

 oarsmen, depending on their size. Some were caravel 

 planked, but most were clench planked. Some were 

 fitted with sails and centerboards. Late in the 19th 



century the Whitehall boat was much used for pleas- 

 ure rowing and as tenders for large yachts. The type 

 is now extinct. 



The model represents a caravel-planked 4-oar row- 

 ing boat of moderate sheer, having a straight keel, 

 upright stem with rounded forefoot, and a slightly 

 raking heart-shaped transom stern. The entrance is 

 long, fine, and slightly hollow, and the run is also 

 rather long and very fine. The midsection is formed 

 with a slight rise in the straight floor, a round, slack 

 bilge, and a slightly flaring topside. The rudder is 

 hung outboard on the transom and is operated by a 

 yoke and steering lines. The model has four thwarts, 

 with sternsheets and backboard, and a bow grating 

 forward of the foremost thwart. 



The model is of a boat of rather common size, 1 8 feet 

 long at gimwale, 4 feet 9% inches beam and 19 

 inches deep from ceiling alongside keel to top of 

 gunwale, with oars 11 feet 6 inches long. Scale of 

 model is 2 inches to the foot. 



Gift of Nash and Sons, boatbuilders. 



ADIRONDACK SKIFF, 1885 

 Rigged Model, usnm 25053 



This model represents an open, double-ended skiff", 

 from the Adirondack Mountain area of New York, 

 which was developed for fishing on the lakes and 

 streams and was also employed by hunters. The 

 model varied somewhat according to the ideas of the 

 builders. Some used caravel planking but most boats 

 of the type were clench built of thin white cedar. The 

 -Adirondack skiff became a popular hunting boat dur- 

 ing the last quarter of the 19th century and was pro- 

 duced as a stock boat by many small-boat builders in 

 Northern New York State. It was usually light enough 

 to be carried by two men, the common length being 

 14 to 16 feet at gunwale. Some of these skiffs were 

 fitted with centerboards and rigged for sailing, usually 

 with a small boomed spritsail with mast well forward. 



The model shows a light, open, double-ended skiff 

 of moderate sheer, having a straight keel, rather up- 

 right stem, slightly raking post, and a fine entrance 

 and run. The midsection has a slight rise in the 

 straight floor, a slack round bilge, and a slightly flar- 

 ing topside. The model is not fitted for sailing and 

 appears to represent a pleasure boat, not one used by 

 guides for hunting or fishing. Fitted to row with 

 two pairs of oars it has thwarts and seats; at each end 

 is a very short deck. 



It represents a skiff 22 feet long, 3 feet 10 inches 

 beam, and 12 inches depth amidships, an unusually 



98 



