sails, on two masts, the mainsail the larger and the 

 foremast in the eyes of the boat, the sails boomed or 

 the foresail "lug" (without a boom and overlapping 

 the main) — did not remain popular after the Che- 

 bacco boat went out of fashion; thenceforth all 2- 

 masted rigs (unless a jib was rigged and the boat was 

 schooner-masted) had mainsails smaller than foresails. 

 Gaffs varied in length from short clubs to long spars; 

 the Block Island boat had very short gaffs, while cat- 

 boats, sloops, and some of the 2-masted boats on the 

 Great Lakes had long gaffs. 



The leg-of-mutton sail was very popular in some 

 localities; on Long Island Sound near New Haven, 

 Connecticut, it was used in the oyster sharpies; and 

 on the Chesapeake Bay it was also very popular. It 

 cannot be determined on existing evidence if this 

 form of sail was in continuous use in these localities 

 from colonial times, though it was undoubtedly em- 

 ployed by colonial Americans. On pictorial evidence 

 it caa be said that the New Haven sharpies had the 

 rig from 1856, and on similar evidence it was em- 

 ployed on the Chesapeake from 1861. The rig is sup- 

 posed to have been employed in Bermuda from about 

 1815 on, but may have been used there continuously 

 from early times. 



The lug sail does not appear to ha\e been used ex- 

 cept in the 1-mast dipping-lug-rigged New Orleans 

 centerboard fishing boat. The lateen too was rare; 

 perhaps in colonial times it may have been popular 

 but in the 19th century it is known to have been used 

 in but two types of fishing boat, a small open boat 

 once used on the Gulf Coast near Pensacola and the 

 so-called Italian boat, or felucca, at San Francisco. 

 Catboat-rigged 1-mast craft were very numerous in 

 the last half of the 19th century in Cape Cod waters, 

 Narragansett Bay, at the western end of Long Island 

 Sound, and in New York Bay and New Jersey; 

 another type was employed on the Gulf Coast near 

 Pascagoula, Mississippi, and sharpie catboats were 

 used in Florida. The jib and mainsail sloop at times 

 was very popular and was employed quite generalh' 

 in the last quarter of the 19th century, particularly 

 on the Maine coast, at Gloucester and Cape Ann, on 

 Long Island Sound and in New York Bay, along the 

 New Jersey and Maryland shores, on the Carolina 

 Sounds, the Florida and Gulf coasts, the Great Lakes, 

 and the Pacific coast. 



A few unique rigs also were employed. At one time 

 on the Great Lakes and on Long Island Sound a form 

 of leg-of-mutton was used in which a batten was fitted 

 like a ?aff so that the sail looked like a gaff-headed 



sail and gaff topsail in one; another variation of the 

 battened sail was a Jeg-of-mutton with horizontal 

 batten parallel to the boom, about one-third the 

 hoist being above it. On the Piscataqua River in 

 New Hampshire a few boats sometimes employed in 

 fishing on the river had the local gundalow rig, a leg- 

 of-mutton laced to a mast or spar that was slung, 

 close to its heel, to a short mast or post, the heel being 

 weighted so the spar stood nearly upright. This sail 

 is sometimes considered a lateen but it is not; it was 

 designed to allow spar and sail to be quickly lowered 

 when passing under bridges. 



There were many and various indi\^idual hull types. 

 The center-board hull predominated from 1850 on, 

 and the flat-bottom sharpie and the V-bottom hull 

 spread rapidly along the coast from Cape Cod to 

 Florida in the 1870's and 1880's; the former was found 

 on the Great Lakes, on the Gulf coast of Florida, on 

 Lake Champlain, and in at least one locality on the 

 Pacific coast. The sharpies varied much in rig, for 

 they ranged from small catboats and sloops to quite 

 larsje schooners nearly 60 feet long. The sloops were 

 usually called flatties; some were flat-bottomed for- 

 ward of amidships and V-bottomed aft. 



The skipjack, a very popular American type of boat, 

 appears to have first attracted attention at Martha's 

 Vineyard and in Narragansett Bay about 1860; from 

 there it was introduced on the Gulf Coast and on the 

 Chesapeake. Like the sharpie, the skipjack employed 

 a variety of rig, from catboat to schooner. 



Scows were also used in the fisheries; a centerboard 

 sloop-rigged scow was employed at Portland, Maine, 

 in the 1880"s, and small scows, called garvies, with 

 one or two spritsails and leeboards or centerboards, 

 were popular in soiuhern New Jersey. 



Some stock boats appeared in the fisheries; these 

 were boats, like the dory, that a boat shop could 

 build in numbers on speculation. Fishermen bought 

 such craft — the Connecticut dragboat and the 

 related Whitehall lioat, various types of sailing and 

 rowing dories, sailing and rowing sharpie-skiffs, 

 and whale and seine boats. 



Live wells for keeping their catch alive, or to pre- 

 serve bait, appeared in boats from the size of the 

 sharpie-skiff to sloops and schooners of 60 feet or 

 more. Maine built many small well smacks for the 

 lobster fishery. Noank, Connecticut, won fame as a 

 smack-building town, first large sloops, and after 

 the Civil W'ar fine schooners, and in the 1870's the 

 Noank schooner-smack was considered the finest of 

 the type. 



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