Illustrations 



Figure Page 



1 Fur-trade canoe on the Missinaibi River, 1901. {Canadian Geological 2 



Survey photo.) 



2 Page from a manuscript of 1771, "Observations on Hudsons Bay," by 9 



Alexander Graham, Factor. (In archives of Hudson's Bay Com- 

 pany.) 



3 Canoes from LaHontan's Xoureaux Voyages . . . dans I'Amerique septen- 11 



Irionale, showing crude representations typical of early writers. 



4 Lines of an old birch-bark canoe, probably Micmac, brought to England 12 



in 1749 from New England. (From Admiralty Colleclion of Draughts, 

 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.) 



5 Ojibway Indian carrying spruce roots, Lac Seul, Ont., 1919. {Canadian 15 



Geological Survey photo.) 



6 Roll of bark for a hunting canoe. Algonkin Reserve, at Golden Lake, 16 



Ont., 1927. 



7 Sketch: wood -splitting techniques, cedar and spruce 17 



8-19 Sketches of tools: 8, stone axe; 9, stone hammer, wedge, and knife; 17 



10, mauls and driving sticks; 11, stone scraper; 12, bow drill; 13, 

 modern Hudson Bay axe; 14, steel fur-trade tomahawk; 15, steel 

 canoe awls; 16, crooked knives; 17, froe; 18, shaving horse; 19, buck- 

 saw. 



20 Peeling, rolling, and transporting bark. (Sketches hy Adney.) 25 



21 Sketch: Building frame for a large canoe 26 



22, 23 Sketches: Effect on canoe bottom of crimping and goring bark . . . . 3() 



24 Sketch: Canoe formed by use of gores and panels 31 



25 Gunwale ends nailed and wrapped with spruce roots. {Sketch hy 31 



Adney.) 



26 Gunwales and stakes on building bed, plan view. {Sketch hy Adney.) . . 32 



27 Photo: Gunwale lashings, examples made by Adney 33 



28 Photo: Gunwale-end lashings, examples made by Adney 33 



29 Sketch: Splints arranged in various ways to sheath the bottom of a canoe 34 



30 End details, including construction of stem-pieces. {Sketches hy Adney.) . 35 



31 Lines of 2j2'-fathom St. John River Malecite canoe 36 



32 Malecite canoe building, 1910. {Canadian Geological Survey photos.) ... 39 



33 First stage of canoe construction: assembled gunwale frame is used to 40 



locate stakes temporarily on building bed. {Sketch by Adney.) 



34 Second stage of canoe construction: bark cover is laid out on the building 41 



bed, and the gunwales are in place upon it. {Sketch hy Adney.) 



