Algonkin "Wabinaki Chiman." 



caps and showed above them; the ends of the caps 

 and main gunwales were notched to permit this, but 

 neither these nor the cap extended outboard of the 

 face of the stem. 



The bark cover was lashed to the gunwales with 

 group lashings in which the thong was carried from 

 group to group by a long stitch outside the cover, 

 under the outwale. The turns in each group were 

 passed through five or six holes in the cover and rein- 

 forcing piece, two turns of the thong going through 

 each hole. The connecting stitch between groups, 

 which were usually about 1% inches apart, usually 

 passed from the last hole in a group to the second hole 

 in the next. Some builders laid a wooden measuring 

 stick along the gunwales to space the lashings; 

 this was perhaps the practice of many tribal groups. 



The lashing of the ends of the cover was passed 

 through the stem pieces; when the latter were not 

 laminated, holes through the soft, thin cedar were 

 made by a sharp awl and an in-and-out or harness 

 stitch was quite commonly used. On laminated stem 

 pieces the form of lashing varied; in the wabinaki 

 chiman it was commonly some combination of spiral 

 and crossed turns; in the old form cf high-ended canoe 

 multiple turns through a single hole (usually at the 

 top of the stemhead) were also used in combination 

 with closely spaced long-and-short turns in triangular 



groups near the top of the stem profile. Below, in 

 the forefoot, spiral or crossed stitches were used. The 

 ends of the outwales were lashed together with a 

 close wrapping of turns in contact where they turned 

 upward sharply, and the caps were secured there by 

 two or more group lashings. The head of the head- 

 board was lashed to each gunwale by passing the 

 thong through holes each side of the headboard; these 

 lashings were in a long group and were passed around 

 gunwale and outwale before the caps were in place. 

 With plank stem-pieces the ends of the bark cover 

 were slightly inboard of the cutwater line, sometimes 

 protected by a rabbet. 



The side panels were sewn on with in-and-out 

 stitches, back stitches, or a double line of either. The 

 gores were sewn spirally in the usual manner or were 

 stitched with a closely spaced lacing. 



Some of the old Algonkin canoes examined had what 

 appeared to be a wulegessis just outboard of the head- 

 boards. No marking was found on these and they 

 were too far aft to protect the ends of the gunwales. 

 The bark was carried across the gunwales, under the 

 caps, and hung down a little below the outwales. On 

 top, it reached from the headboard out to the lashings 

 of the outwales, forming between the headboards 

 and the lashings a short deck that may have been 

 intended to keep dirt and water out of the ends of the 



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