0//6tvay t^ fafhom Ni/o/er'j Conof. /S-^9 ^ 

 ien^r/i ot'era/i /3'/0'. or-rr gunna/eJ >7-9 

 Seam J3^', injii^f ^unwalri JiM 

 Dfpff? lit ■ 



'/on^ A'oir M'nnr/o/a Oj/i"»^/ 

 rue /?arvej//r7t^ Canoe 

 len<)//i oyer a// /4 'S'oi/er gD/nva/ei // / 

 ffi^a^T, J? ', mMe ^unwa/ej JO ' 

 SejD//> /3 " 



Small Ojibvvay Canoes of the Two Tribal Forms showing (above) early 

 trend toward the long nose form, and the final Ojibway-Cree hybrid form 

 combining flaring sides amidships with tumble-home sections at ends. 



often no more than a light stick or rod bent to profile, 

 with the head split and brought over the gunwale ends 

 and down inside, between them. Each half of the 

 split was then lashed to its neighboring gunwale 

 member. A strip of bark was often placed over the 

 end of the bark cover and carried down the face of the 

 stem, under the sewing. The rail caps were then 

 brought up over the tops of the gunwales and over- 

 lapped the top portion of the stem piece. The heel 

 of the stem-piece was bevelled off on the inboard side 

 so that it could be wedged under the headboard, inside 

 the bark cover. These headboards, it should be 

 noted, were no more than a thin, narrow batten, and 

 in some canoes the head of this batten was lashed 

 under the gunwale ends instead of coming up between 

 them inboard, as usual. A variation in the fitting of 

 the stem head was found in a canoe at Long Lake, 

 Ontario; the stem head, instead of being split, was 

 lashed between the gunwale ends and thus was brought 

 inboard level with the top of the gunwales. 



The cross section of the main gunwales was round 

 or nearly so in nearly all long-nose canoes, and often a 

 gunwale cap was fitted. The bark cover was secured 

 to the gunwales by a continuous lashing, but in at 

 least one example, from Minnesota, the gunwale 

 wrappings were in groups over an outwale after the 

 regular fashion to the eastward. The ends of the 

 thwarts were wedge- or chisel-shaped and instead of 

 being tenoned were forced into splits in the round 

 gunwales. Many canoes had bark covers at the gun- 

 wale ends and vestiges of the wulegessis were to be seen. 



All Ojibway canoes were built with a building frame, 

 the bed being slightly higher at midlength than at the 

 ends. The stakes were driven nearly perpendicular, 

 instead of with heads slanted outward. It is apparent 

 from observed examples that some canoes were built 

 by the same procedure as the Algonkin, but that not 

 all the long-nose canoes were built by spreading the 

 gunwales; some were built using the methods of the 

 St. Francis. 



127 



