shelter, Malecite canoe as, 71, 72 



Sioux (Dakotas), 122, 130, 133 



skiff-canoe (3-board), 65 



skin boat arctic, 1 74-2 1 1 ; seagoing, 174, 175; voyages, 176; 



shape and size, 176; in ice, 180; loading, 180, 181; 



umiak, 181-189; kayak, 190-21 1; compared with 



bark canoe, 193, 221; temporary, 219, 221; caribou 



skin, 220 

 skin cover, umiak, 176, 178, 186, 188: kayak, 192 ff., 197, 



199, 200, 204; for temporary canoe, 219 

 skin canoe, temporary, construction of, 219-221 

 Siberia, 181 



Slave Indians, 154, 155; canoe, 155-158 

 sledge, for transporting umiak, 188; for transporting 



Nunivak Island kayak, 199 

 Sokoki Indians, 88 

 Southampton Island, 191, 204 

 Spars, Micmac, 65, 66, 67 

 Spruce, black, bark, 15, 17, 24, 212, 213; roots for sewing, 



15, 16; splitting qualities, 17, 19; in kayaks, 192 

 red, 17 

 spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, 72; Western Cree, 132; 



narrow-bottom, 158 

 spruce gum, 17; preparation, 24; tempering, 24, 25 

 stakes, building bed. 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148 

 stanchion, 195 



Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, 174 

 stem-piece, 34, 35, 36; construction, 48, 49; root as 55, 132; 



Micmac, 60; Eastern Cree, loi, 104; TStes de Boulc, 

 109; Algonkin, 113, 114, 119 



Ojibway, 123, 125, 127; plank, 125, 155, 156, 160, 164; 



Western Cree, 132; fur-trade, 150; narrow-bottom, 



156, 157; kayak-form, 164; sturgeon-nose, 168, 169; 



temporary skin canoe, 218; 

 stitching bark cover, 43, 44; temporary canoe, 220 (see 



also sewing, lashing) 

 stone tools, 17-20; use of, 18; cutting edge, 18 

 straight-bottom canoe, 100, loi, 106, 155 

 Strut (headboard brace), 123, 150 

 sturgeon-nose canoe, 154, 168-173; British Columbia, 168; 



ends, 168; size, 172, 173 

 Superior, Lake, 113, 122, 123, 125 



Taconnet Indians, 88 



tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, 16 



Tanana Indians, 154 



tapering wooden members, ig, 118 



tarpaulin (in fur trade), 142, 143 



Tcmiscaming, Lake, 147 



temporary canoe, 2 1 2-2 1 9 



Tetes de Boule Indians, 107 



canoe, 107-112, 116, 122; sheathing, 34; described, 

 107-112; dimensions, 107; construction, 108 ff., 112 

 Teton Indians, 133 

 thong braces, umiak, 186, 187, 190 

 throwing stick, 194 



thwarts, 19, 38, 40; fitting of ends, 32, 56; location, 32, 37, 

 40; supporting on building bed, 46, 47; Micmac, 61, 

 62; St. Francis, 90; Eastern Cree, loi; Tetes de 

 Boule, no; Algonkin, 117, 121; Ojibway, 127; 

 Western Cree, 132; fur-trade, 147, 150; narrow- 

 bottom, 158; kayak-form, 160, 162, 166, 167; sturgeon- 

 nose, 169; umiak, 182, 187; kayak, 195 ff., 199, 208; 

 rough construction of, 213, 216; temporary skin 

 canoe, 219 



limagami (Ontario), Lake, 125, 131, 151 



tomahawk, 21 



tongs, wooden, 20 



topsail, umiak, 183 



Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, 8 



tools, primitive, 17-20; modern, 20-24 



tree felling, 18 



treenail, 190, 192 



Trois Rivieres, 13 



tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac; 

 60; Malecite, 73, 75, 78 



tump line, 122, 143 



Two Mountains, Lake of, 1 13 



Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190; qualities, 175, 176, 178; 

 use, 175, 176; design, 176, 178, 182-183; compared 

 with curragh, 176, 178; skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188; 

 construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188; oars 

 and paddles 182, 183, 187 ff., headboards, 182, 184, 



186, 189, 190; flare of sides, 182, 183, 188; sheer, 182, 



183, 187, 189, 190; rake of ends, 182, 187, 190; 

 rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189; 

 thwarts, 182, 187; risers, 182, 187 ff.; v-bottom, 182, 



184, 189; gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190; Alaskan, 182, 

 183, 187 ff.; Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188; Koryak, 

 182, 189, Greenland, 182, 189; frames (ribs), 184 ff., 

 189, 190; keelson, 184, 186, 188; thong brace, 186, 



187, 190; rudder, 187, 189; whaling, 187, 188; 

 King Island, 187; hogging brace, 188; portaging, 

 188; Baffin Island, 189, 190 



LInalaska kayak, ig6 

 United States Fish Commission, 202 



United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 

 204 



V-bottom canoe, Malecite 74, 75, 76, 77; St. Francis, 89; 

 Beothuk, 96, 98, too; Tetes de Boule, 107; Algonkin, 



i'3 

 kayak, igo fl'., 195, 202, 206, 208, 21 i 

 umiak, 182, 184, i8g 

 V-Form (see V-bottom) 

 Viking boat, 187 



voyageur, 143; loads carried by, 143, 144; number re- 

 quired for a canoe, 145; paddle requirement, 152 



wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 1 14, 1 19, 131 

 walrus skin, for umiak, 183; for kayak, 194 

 war canoe, 10; Micmac, 58, 65; Malecite, 70 



241 



