NOKTH AMERICAN LATER TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BRYOZOA. 81 



1913. Cupularia umbellata Caku, Contributions a I'^tude des Bryozoaires fossilea, Bulletin Soci6t6 



Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, pp. 125, 127. 



1914. Cupularia lowei Osburn, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publication No. 182 



of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, p. 194. 

 1916. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Bryozoaries fossiles du Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin Soci6t6 



Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 322. 

 1919. Cupularia umbellata Canu and Bassler, Geology and Paleontology of the West Indies, 



Bryozoa, Publications Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 291, p. 85, pi. 1, figs. 5-7; 



pi." 2, figs. 17-21. 



We are ignorant as to why Norman, who is a great lover of archaic names, 

 has not preserved the name of Defrance. The figures published by this author 

 and by D'Orbigny are excellent and leave no doubt as to the identity of the species. 

 The fossils which are identified as above are rather well preserved and their deter- 

 mination is easy. The pores of the hydrostatic zooecia are not radicular. 



Variations. — In this species the two oral condyles are developed and united 

 in a manner to produce a pivot serving as a support to the hinge of the opercular 

 valve. The spinous processes number from seven to eight; they are united on the 

 greater part of their length and form a false cryptocyst perforated with very irregu- 

 lar holes; at their base there is no union and they thus limit a certain number of 

 opesiules arranged all over the zooecium. 



As Smitt thought in 1872, this species differs only from the species of the 

 denticulata group in a greater calcification and in a more complete development of 

 the spinous processes. In spite of its superficial appearance it therefore belongs 

 to the same genus. 



The specimens from Santo Domingo, where the species had been noted by Busk 

 in 1859, are quite vigorous. They represent a variation that is remarkable in the 

 size of the zooecia and in the aspect of the inner side. The latter does not show 

 the usual tuberose ribs and the tuberosities are equally distributed on the zoarial 

 surface. The ancestrula is not always visible; it is often covered over by a normal 

 zooecium or replaced by a special region in which the zooecia are arranged in con- 

 trary order. 



,, . r^ ■ (?io = 0.12mm. „ . fZ0 = 0.44 -0.50 mm. 



Measurement. — Opesia , „ ,„ z<ooecia , „„, 



^ [to =0.16 mm. [t2 = 0.34mm. 



Occurrence.— hoviev Miocene (Gatun formation) ; Banana River, Costa Rica 

 (common). Lower Miocene: Chipola River, Calhoun County, and Shoal River, 

 Walton County, Florida (common). Lower Miocene: (Oak Grove); Oak Grove, 

 YeUow River, Florida (common). Lower Miocene (Bowden horizon): Bowden, 

 Jamaica: Cercado de Mao, Rio Cana, and Rio Gm-abo, Santo Domingo (common). 

 Miocene (Duplin marl) : Wihnington and other localities in North Carolina and 

 South Carolina (common). Pliocene of South Carolina and Florida. 



This species is almost always associated with Cwpuladria canariensis Busk, 

 1859. Like the latter it commences in the Lower Miocene and continues through 

 the latter Miocene and Pliocene of the United States. 



Geological distribution. — Aquitanian of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani), of Bordeaux 

 (Canu); Burdigalian of Italy (Seguenza, Canu), of Bordeaux (Canu); Helvetian 

 of Egypt, Bordeaux, and Touraine; Tortonian of Provence (Canu), of Italy (Segu- 

 enza) ; Plaisancian of England (Busk), of Italy (Manzoni) ; Astian of Italy (Neviani, 



