92 POLLARDS AND MOW TO TREAT THEM; WITH SPECLAL 



We may also indulge the hope that, when more general interest 

 is aroused, and the importance of such work is better understood, 

 it may be possible to obtain funds for the establishment of a 

 Biological Station, where many interesting problems of the life- 

 history of marine forms, and original research, may be carried on. 



I should not like tc conclude without putting in a word for the 

 men, especially John Bacon, who not only worked hard, but were 

 much interested in the various captures ; and on the second trip, 

 when we had a roughish time, were literally, in spite of their oilskins, 

 wet through to the skin. 



There was a good deal of hard work in managing the trawl, and 

 constant tacking, and we all had to eat and drink without ceremony ; 

 our bottles got upset, the live stock swam about the cabin, and even 

 a fine pigeon pie poured out a generous libation of gravy on the floor. 

 Nor must I forget to mention the poor little dog, who could not 

 touch the dainty fare we laid before him, and kept in his kennel for 

 long stretches — except when we turned him out by a rough act of 

 ejectment. 



POLLARDS AND HOW TO TREAT THEM ; WITH 

 SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HORN- 

 BEAMS IN EPPING FOREST. 



By G. S. BOULGER, F.L.S., F.G.S., A.S.I. , Vice-President. 

 [Read April 30th, iSg2.\ 



T 1^' in the spring we examine the stump of a horse-chestnut, or of 

 almost any broad-leaved tree which has been cut down, we find 

 just within the bark a ring of young leafy shoots. These shoots spring 

 from the " cambium " or growing layer, and, though they are of no 

 value in the horse-chestnut, in other species which do produce useful 

 coppice growth, as they are termed, it is customary to carefully avoid 

 tearing down the bark of the stump so as not to prevent their 

 formation. Beech and maple will produce such shoots, but not of 

 very strong growth ; whilst oak, ash, chestnut, willows, poplars, and 

 hornbeam yield shoots of value. The Spanish chestnut is largely 

 grown as coppice, both as cover for game and for hop-poles. 

 Willows are felled level with the ground in our osier-beds, though 

 also treated as " pollards," i.e., having their main stem cut off higher 



