TIIK I.Kl'IDOI'TKKA OF ESSEX. 83 



liiniiing the spread of charlock, our great pest on the Essex clays, as 

 it is particularly partial to the seed-pods of this plant, and more 

 especially so when growing by the roadside. Mr. I )oubleday writes, 

 " I believe that the cuckoo-flower (^Cardamine pratensis) is the one 

 on which the eggs are most frequently deposited, but the greater 

 part of the larw-e must perish in this neighl)ourhood, because the 

 fields are mowed before the larvaj are full-grown. I have very often 

 seen the larvie on the seed-pods of Erysimum alliaria and have 

 several times found the pupae on the dead stems of this plant in 

 winter. I think it is the principal food oi E.cardamines at Epping." 

 (Z. xiv. 5146.) 



Leucophasia sinapis, L. Wood White. 



Geographical Distribution — Europe, North and East Asia (except polar regions). 

 Local in England and Ireland, absent from Scotland. 



Larva — Green, with darker stripe on back and yellow stripe on sides. Food — 

 \'arious vetches and trefoils. Imago — May and August ; hibernates as pupa. 



Much rarer now than formerly in woods ; of weak flight. 



Stour and Hartley Woods [Wrabness and St. Osyth] and Bromley 

 Thickets {L./ermyn ; V.M. 65). One, Donyland Heath, by William 

 Tillaney ; one, Markshall Woods, near Coggeshall, by Henry Law- 

 rence {Hanvood). Kedington and Haverhill, 1833-5 0^^- G<^^^ > E?it. 

 i. 278). Litley Wood, Debden {Joseph Clarke), Saffron Walden 

 {Cat. S.lV.Af. 49). One in 1835, Epping; not seen previously lor 

 five years (E. Doiibleday ; Etit. Mag. iii. 284). Plentiful near 

 Epping in 1839 {J. English; E.N. \. no). Epping, common 

 (S.A/. i. 20). Probably now gone from the Eorest district, although 

 it is said that Mr. P. E. Copland saw it in Ongar Park Woods in 

 1888. Hainault Forest (" Lover of Nature'' ; K.O.J, ii. 1 10). Rare, 

 Sudbury, two specimens taken ( ^. Z>. A'//;^'-?; F.S.J. Dec, 1838). 

 Eelsted {Rep. F.S.N^.H.S. ii. 44). Rather scarce, Witham {E. H. 

 Burnell ; M.N.H. (2) i. 601). Trotters [North Shoebury], "my 

 father," May 20th, 1827 {C. Parsons ; MS. Journal). 



Gonopteryx rhamni, L. Prinistone. 



Geographical Distribution — Europe, Asia (e.xcept polar regions) and North 

 .Africa. \'ery rare and local in Scotland and Ireland. 



Larva — Dull apple-green, covered with minute black papillsp, each carrying a 

 short, pale bristle, white stripe at sides. Food — Fiucktl.orn. f7nngo — juiv litl 

 .May ; hibernating. 



