92 THK I.KriDOI'TERA OF ESSEX. 



216). One seen by Mr. R. (i. Willinieni in AVeald Lane, Brentwood, 

 on Aug. 19th, 1880 {Raynor). One, Havering-atte-Bower, April 

 14th, 1873 {E. remberton-Barnes ; F. xli. 378. E. Newman : Ent. 

 vi. 410). One, Havering-atte-Bower, Sept. 9th, i%^6 { J V. B. Fem- 

 berton-Barnes ; Ent. xix. 248). One, Epping, Sept., 1835 {F. 

 Lackey; Ent. Mag. iii. 415). Common, Epping, 1836 (A E. 

 Doubleday ; Ent. Mag. iv. 231). Two, Epping, Sept. 12th, 1846 

 (ZT. Doubleday ; Z. iv. 1504). Epping, occasionally {S.M. i. 39). 

 One, Epping Lower ¥ ore?,i {Engtish ; Buxton s E.F. 100). Three, 

 Chingford, Sept. 6th, 1877 {W. Doivning ; Ent. x. 252). One, 

 Ilford, Aug. 27th, 1880 {G. Watkins : Ent. xiii. 277; exhibited, 

 T.E.FC. i. Ixi). One, Woodford Bridge, 1877 {W.J. Argent). 

 One, ^Valthamstow, Sept. 2nd, 1872 {W.'^ Downing ; Ent. vi. 216). 

 One, Walthamstow, May 24th, 1888 {W. Doivning: Ent. xxi. 155; 

 J. A. Cooper; Ent. xxi. 184; W.J. Argent, E.N. ii. 72). One, 

 Leytonstone, Sept. 4th, 1889 {G. C. Frindell : Ent. xxii. 257). One, 

 Lea Bridge Marshes, Aug. 27th, 1876 (//. Ashpole ; Ent. ix. 229). 



Vanessa atalanta, L. Red Admiral. 



Geographical Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, North America. 

 Throughout Britain. 



Larva — Greenish-gre}', and yellow to black (variable) often with pale freckles, 

 pale yellow stripe on sides ; spines )-ellow, reddish-brown, or black. Food — 

 Nettle, spinning lea\es together, hnago — August to June ; hibernating. 



Apparently by no means so common in the county now as for- 

 merly, though generally distriljuted. This butterfly has been taken 

 by night at " light " and at " sugar," and I have several times noticed 

 it flying round trees in my wood (Hazeleigh) at dusk together with 

 the red-underwing moth (C ni/pta), which it then much resembles. 

 Particularly partial to fallen fruit, especially plums. 



Vanessa cardui, L. Painted Lady. 



Geographical Dixtrihution — Cusmopolitan. except, perhaps, polar regions and 

 South America. Throughout Britain to Orkney and Shetland, but somewhat 

 uncertain. 



Larva — Dark gre}' with yellow spots, yellow stripes on back and sides ; spines 

 yellow or grey. Mallow-feeding specimens hairy. Food — Thistle, especially 

 C. arvensis, nettle, and common mallow ; spinning leaves together or under a web. 

 Imago — July to July; hibernating. One of Buckler's hairy mallow-feeders 

 pupated 13th Oct., 1868; emerged February 7th, 1869 (Larva-, j). 53). Appar- 

 ently a conspicuous exception to the constancy of hibernation, but doubtless 

 induced by the unnatural conditions of a warm room. 



