154 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LEVTON AND NEIGHBOURHOOD, 



Stated, the record refers to the garden at Leyton. All the species 

 entered have been taken by myself unless otherwise stated. To 

 make the list as complete as possilile, I have included many species 

 which I have never taken in the district myself, but which I have 

 seen others take, or which are known to me on good authority to be 

 inhabitants of the locality. Any omissions will, I hope, be supplied 

 by others who have worked in the same neighbourhood ; one of my 

 reasons in publishing the list as it stands being the hope that it 

 will serve as a basis for other collectors to work upon and to enlarge, 

 especially with respect to the smaller moths (Tortrices and Tineina), 

 which, at the period referred to, I did not know enough about to 

 attempt to name. 



RHOPALOCERA. 



All the commoner species were taken in the garden and neigh- 

 bourhood, and need only be briefly referred to here : — 



Pieridae. Gonepteryx rhamni was fairly common in the 

 autumn and spring ; but never so abundant as I have seen it in the 

 southern counties (Kent, Sussex, and Surrey). Of Colias edusa, I 

 saw one specimen flying over Leyton Green on October 9th, 1869. 

 Pieris brasskcs, rapce and napi were always common. Euchlo'e 

 cardamines was occasionally taken in the garden, but more commonly 

 in the lanes between Walthamstow and Chingford. 



Nymphalidae. Vanessa cardui was rare as a garden insect. I 

 did not see more than two or three at Leyton, the only Essex 

 specimens taken between 1868 and 1874 having been captured in 

 the plantations on the Forest near the Wanstead Orphan Asylum. 

 V. atalanta was quite common in the garden in 1868 and 1869. I 

 often used to see this butterfly by day on the trunks of trees that 

 had been sugared the preceding night. I remember also being 

 struck by the ease with which it was captured in small glass forcing 

 frames, supported on bricks over plates of beer and sugar, placed 

 about the garden to attract the wasps, which at that time did much 

 damage to the wall-fruit. It was not unusual to find a dozen or more 

 of these handsome butterflies in one small glass frame mixed up 

 with the swarms of wasps, flies, and other insects attracted by the 

 bait. The larva of this species and V. urtiae used to occur also on 

 the nettles growing in a narrow lane (now built upon) running along 

 one side of the garden and leading to the marshes. V. io was fairly 

 common in the garden. V. polychloros was never seen in the garden. 



