THE I.EPIDOPTERA OF LEVI'ON AND NEIGHHOURHOOD. T55 



I have taken it in the Forest near Wanstead, and my mother has 

 taken it in tlie same locaHty. /' urtiae was common in the spring 

 and autumn. 



With reference to the habits of Vancssas^ I recollect an observa- 

 tion which caused me the greatest interest at the time. In the small 

 plantations near the Orphan Asylum above mentioned, there were 

 (and still are) many old birch trees with rugged trunks. From 

 wounds in the bark or some other cause, the sap had exuded from 

 several of the trees and had trickled down the trunk in a long dark 

 streak, extending from near the top of the trunk to the roots. This 

 exudation had attracted numbers of V. io and V. ataianta, and one 

 or two V. polychloros were also seen, the butterflies flying round and 

 settling on the dark streak of moist bark. As the insects sat with 

 wings alternately opened and closed, after the manner of their family, 

 they seemed to me, even at that time, to reveal the meaning of the 

 sombre mottling of the under surface of the wings which harmonised 

 so well with the mottled bark, that when they sat motionless with 

 closed wings they were almost invisible, especially when viewed 

 "end on," i.e., in the plane of the closed wings. 



The only specimen of Argynnis paphia taken at Leyton is the 

 one referred to by Mr. Fitch. It was a somewhat tattered male 

 ca])tured in August, 1868, on the flowers of a patch of thyme 

 growing in the garden. I have records of having seen this species 

 in Epping Forest (near High Beach), on July 31st, 1870, and July 

 19th, 1872 ; and my mother has also seen it in the Forest, on at least 

 one occasion near Wanstead. Of the other Fritillaries, A. sekne has 

 been taken by me some what rarely in the Forest between Monk's 

 \\'ood and Epping, and A. euphrosyne more commonly in the same 

 part of the Forest. I have seen one or both these species in the same 

 locality within recent years, and they appear to be getting commoner. 



Satyridse. Pnrarge egcria was never seen at Leyton, but com- 

 monly in the Forest. P. megcera was occasionally taken in the 

 garden, but more commonly in the Forest. Epinephele Janira was 

 common in the garden and abundant among the grass of the marshes. 

 E. tithonus was only an occasional visitor to the garden, although 

 common enough in the Forest. E. hypcranthus never appeared in 

 the garden, but was common in the Forest. Civnonympha painphilus 

 was common everywhere. 



Lycaenidae. Thcda betulce was well known to occur in the 

 neighbourhood of High Beach, where its larva was beaten from the 



