Portusial, during the 13lh tcntuiy, producccl an 

 outstnnclinn" collector in the person of Don Allonso of 

 Portugal Ctount of Ourcni id. 1460) and grandson of 

 King John I. He collected many antiquities during 

 his travels to Italy and (Jermany. His example was 

 followed by King Manuel 1 ( 14')5-1S21 ), who pos- 

 sessed, according to Lyno <la rmjila - an "inventory" 

 of the time -many preei(jus ohjeets wliic li included 

 gold, silver, and copper coins. In llie e.irly Wi()()'s 

 Don Alfonso, Bishop of Evora, ])ul)lished the lirst 

 Portiimiese work on numismatics, 'Jiiitl/ilu\ rlr iiiiniis- 

 malt\ which, unfortunately, has not survived.''' 

 Interest in seriuus scholarly work in Portugal also is 

 attested to liv the tianslation in 1.t3t iiuo Purluguese 

 of (iuillaunie Budc's De asv ct ptirtihiis ejus. 



In Holland a treatise of Erasem van Hoiiwelingens, 

 PeiiiiniQlniek (l.3''7), became the basis for later studies 

 on the historical significance of Diuch coins. The 

 noteworthy fact in this instance is tliat a scholar 

 turned his attention to the coins of his own lime and 

 country . 



Greater progress was made, however, in the field 

 of Roman numismatics. The names of the German 

 doctor and humanist .\dolph < )cco (1524 Iddd) fi-om 

 Augsburg and of the DiUch sclicilar I lubei t ( iuit/ius 

 (1S26-1 ,383)''" became landmarks in the evolution of 

 numismatics into a science. Occo in his publication 

 Im/icriitiiiii/n Ruimiiinruiii luiiiti'.iinita a Piiiii/it-/ii Mutj,nii ml 

 Hefiidiiiiii (137'') abandons the grou|)ing (jf lioman 

 coins by metal and ado]Jts, instead, .i clircmcilogical 

 classification. Goltzius' tractate on Roman coins, 

 published in several parts in .Antwerp and Brussels 

 (1337-137'') and generallv known untlei the title ol 

 the 1 70S edition. Dr if iiuitiiiniriii uiilujuu nfurn qiuir 

 extant iiiiiversa qiiviqiir niliiitiiiiilnii tniii/iii'/u iiui, became 

 the standard reference for Roman coins for over two 

 centuries. It was a major step in tlie develniHiieul 

 of numismatic science. 



One of the factors which ccjnti ilmlcd to the ex- 

 cellence of CJoltzius' work was the wide knowledge 

 which he had accjuired through llie studv of many 

 collections. In ordei' to assemlile the nccessarv in- 

 formation, he traveled extensively and visiled many 

 coin cabinets throughout Europe. It is ama/ing to 

 read the list of these collections: 380 in Italy, over 



200 in Fr.mce, a like numljer in Holland, over 173 

 in (iermanv. ('utslanding personalities in I'.uropcm 

 allairs and the n.nnes of the highest nobiliiv were 

 represented (jri this list, in the words of ;i later 

 comment. itiir, liini, nd de l.,i li.isiille, ■'there was no 

 prince nor loid wlicj did nut pride himself in owning 

 coins, although theie slill wcic many among lliein 

 who C(Jiild not even le.id." ''' 



L nder such circumstances, coins ceased to Ije merelv 

 historical documents sought by dedicated scholars in 

 thi-ir (|uesi lor new ev itience and became objects of 

 v.ilue and curiosity: conversation [jieees, art in minia- 

 tuie, unusual adoriunents (for vases, eoffeis, furni- 

 ture), jewels, luxuries, or, as B.ibelon said, "une mode 

 de bon ton." ''-' 



In .\ugsburi;, during the Idth ceiuuiv, the we.ilthy 

 banker Hairs Jakoli Fiinner ovvneil, in .iddilion to a 

 famous librarv and |)recious manuscripts, a coin cabi- 

 net which was rich in ancient gold and silver coins 

 purchased mostlv in Italv bv the .mticiu.ui.m ).ndbus 

 de .Sir.ida of MaiUua ((L1388). .Author of a lamous 

 work on Roman coins, /i/iilnmr t/irsmin iiiitn/i/itdlnm 

 (1333), translated into Ireneh by jean Louveau,''-' 

 de Str.icia acted lor m.mv ve.iis ,is a purch.ising 

 aL;ent lor the em])erois I'erclinaiid 1, .M.iximilian II, 

 and Rudolph II. Other well-known collectors of 

 Roman coins in .\ugsliiu'g vveie Dr. .Adol|)h ( )cco, 

 luentioned aliove. and Dr. riiom.uniiis. Ihe we.illhv 

 Germ.m city of iXuremberu com, lined the l.nnous art 

 and coin collections cj| Ghiistoph I'rieclric h Imhol 

 and Paulus Praim.'"' 



In 1371 the librarv and the coin cabinet of Hans 

 Fugger were bought bv .Mlirecht the M.ign.miinons 

 of Bavaiia, founder of the "' Kmistk.immei " in .Mu- 

 nich. The Dutch doctor .S.miiicl von ( 'uickelberg, 

 who oiu.mi/ed, .U .\lbi ec lit's orders, the .\Imiich col- 

 lections, also mentions coins as collector's items in his 

 lri-,nise 1 liKili mil \ii/iiiiilitir (I3(i3), a book devoted to 

 such "R.n it.itcaikanmiern." The .\fmiic h collc-ction 

 increased considei ablv clurint; the Tc-ii;ns ol \\ ilhelin \' 

 (137'' 1 3')") and .Maximilian I (|t''7 1()3I) and 

 eventu.illv bee. one one of the outst.mdiiiu coin Cabi- 

 nets in Genlr.il Europe,'"' suip.issiuL; the collections ol 



5» Bat.'Vlha Reis, "O prinicro tratado" (1''53) and Cailillin 

 da mimismulica, vol. 1, p. 53; Lrrrr. \iv. V.\S(:ciNc:i:M,os, Da 

 iiuniisrridtit'a fm Portiti^at (1''23). 



<» For further information, sec WriL, "Zur Gcsi hit lite des 

 Studium.s dcr Numismatik," pp. 252-2.S3; Dur.vnii, Molaitlis 

 el jf Ions, pp. 81) 81, 146 147. 



'•1 Haiu ro.s". J rail,'; vol. 1, col. 103. 



la Ibid., col. 8'). 



'-'^ h'.jnimnr (III lliiruii ilt'\ iiiiliriiiilf., c'nl a iliir. fmitlraili rlfs 

 vrtiyr^ nir'/nillrs ilrt nil/'/'. Iiiiit r/'llrinil i/iir i!'Otiiil,)il (1553). 



'■< NiieKrrio, Miiuufita/'tiia. pp. ](•! 105. 



''■• .Sec Rir:(iAt'M(. Cisdiulilr <l''s k<mi'Ji<tini .MiiirJ.aliincli (1H')(|); 

 BiKMiAKT, •■(Jcsi lii( lilc del Sia.itlii licn Miiii/s.iniiiiliinycn" 

 (l'n4). 



PAPER 32: NUMISM,\TICS AN .X.NCIKNT Sf:lEN(:l': 



19 



