of Sciences, tu ancient tireek euin;it;es, lull e\<ii ihis 

 was never completed. Instead, nionograijlis of siii<_;ie 

 (ireek cities or provinces — in other words, siiiijecls of 

 more restricted scope — were r;i\en pi-el'erence. Am] 

 within the hist few decades a consith-iahk' numlier ol' 

 lirst-r.ite publications of this sort h.ne ap|)earecL 

 rhe\' present the numismatic material in a well- 

 rounded historical picture, scrutinized and anahzed 

 from a variety of \-iewpoints. Metrolot;ical as \\<'ll as 

 art elements arc given maximum considerali(jn, and 

 the coins are viewed in the context of economic 

 trends and art products of each period. 



Some outstanding monosrraphs are: in (rermany, 

 WiUy Schwahacher, "Die Tetradraehmenprai;un'4 \on 

 Selinunt" (r'23), Erich Boelu"inger, yj;c Miinyn rmi 

 Sviiikin (\"i2')): in Switzerland. Herbert Calm. l)i,- 

 Mimren dcr si-j/isilii'it Sludt .\ii\ii\ (l')44); in l''raiice. 

 Oscar Ravel, Li'S ■•Poulaun" d,- Cnnii/h ( I'J.Vj-l'MS); 

 in Rel'-;ium, Jules Desneux, Ln /I'lnnlnii/iiiiri d' Akanlhus 

 (l')4'1); in England, Charles T. Sehman, Allinis, lis 

 llisiory and Cotnas,c (1024): in the L'nited .States. ,S\(:lne\ 

 P. Noc, The Cnmas.e nf Mcl,ij<niil,iin (1927-1031) and 

 The lliiiiuiiii Di-stalcrs (1''35). 



Works of signal importance in ancient Creek numis- 

 matics, introducing new viewpoints in tin- probii- f 



dating the earliest Check coinages, have been pub- 

 lished in the last decade. \V. L. Brown'.: <n title 

 ■■Pheitlon's Alleged Aeginctan C:oin.ii;e"' (1030). in 

 which he attempted to establish the date ol the cirlic si 

 coinage in ctjntinental Greece, was followed sliortU 

 after bv E. G. Roliinson's basic discussion on the date 

 of the first Greek coinage in .\si,i Minoi', " The C!oins 

 from the Ephesian .Artemision Reconsidered" (1''31). 

 and continued in 1056 under the title "The I)at<' of 

 the Earliest C'oins." In addition, important chanties 

 in the dating of coinages of the Persian kint;s h.ive 

 been brought about almost simultaneously by twn 

 publicati(Mis, Sydney P. Noc's Two llininls nj I'lisuiii 

 Siolni (1056) and E. G. Robinson's "The Be<;innin'4s 

 of Achacmciiid Coinage" (1058). 



A hirther development in the field of classical 

 numismatics is that publications which gi\-e full con- 

 sideration to special problems are becoming increas- 

 ingly popular. Metrology, the science of weights and 

 measures and a favorite subject since the e;irl\ \~<<.\\ 

 century, has received excellent tre.itmeiil in llie 

 studies of Friedrich Hultsch (Cnn/ii^i hr ii/id niiiiiM/if 

 Metrnlogie, 1882), Johannes Brandis, laich Pernice, 

 Prince Michel C. Soutzo (Srstemcs wdiiiimirs I'uiiiilijs, 

 1884), Walther Giesecke (Aniikrs (kidtccscit, 1038; 

 Sidliii timiuuiKilu-ii, 1023; Ildlm iiutiinriiiihiu. 1028), and 



Osk.n- \ irtleb:mll iAiitiLc C-ichht^nnrmi-n iind .\tim~- 

 fussr. 1>)23). 



"Epigraphical .Votes on Greek Coins" ir»43 l')6l)) 

 l)\' .Marcus Tod, liil'linnnifihy of Cnrk (.'mti lliiiirds 

 (1025 and 1037) liy Sydney P. .\oe, die studies on 

 l.ilsiiications by Hu<;o (iaeljler (I-'dL< hiiin^iii nidkidinii- 

 silin- Munyn. 1031 -r)42) and Osc.il R,ivi4 (••.\,,ies 

 techniqiK.-s pour reconn.illre les moim.iies L;rec(|ues 

 fausses," 1033) — conliniiiii'.; ihe classic works uf 

 Joannes .Svoronos and Sir (ieor^e Hill ' '' on die 

 lauioLis counterfeiters (!oiislantine Chrislodoiilos .md 

 C'arl \\ ilhelm Becker -cast new rr_;lii onlo oilier 

 areas. Problems conneeled with the miiiliii'4 process 

 were the suliject of studies b\ Sir ( n-orL;i- .M.icdon.ild 

 ("Eoose and I'ixed Dies." 1 ')(!()). Ch.iiles 1. Si lim.-m, 

 t:arol EI. \'. Sutherland. ( )se,ir E. R.ixcl. WilK 

 Sclnvabaehcr, Ettoie C.ilnici (willi his i unlinx ci si.il 

 Jidjuti r (I'linidiii^iii dfUr iiiniiiii' ^filir diil I // ul V 

 si'ddii n.i',.^ 1051). and, more reeeiulv, ('. Ki.i.ix. 



Xew and clialleni^ini; possibilities emei L;e from l.ibo- 

 ralor\ tests: michrochemical anaKses, specific ttr.i\il\ 

 tests, spectrographic analyses, and the application of 

 x-rays and namina im\s to the study ol (.oins. In 

 Belgium Paul X.ister, in the Iniled Sl.ites E.arle K. 

 ClaleV ((dlr/tll, III I Ji/ll/iinllliill id I'd) I III III! ( 'ill II \. I'*3">l. .111(1 



in C.anada Prof Willi, mi P. Wall. ice ('Impurities in 

 iaiboean Monet. ir\ SiKei." T't!) ,iie die ii.imcs ol 

 onlv a few scholars who li,i\e been iiisliiimeiil.il in 

 bro.ideniniT the way for a more ex.ict knowledur ol 

 ihe metallic composition of aneieiu ruins ,i held ol 

 research opened up b\ the wuik nl K. \'. He. id. ). 

 Hammer, and K. B. i lofm.mn before the turn ol the 

 eentur\'. Fresh \iew])oiiits on the mel.illie suppK ol 

 the mints, on economic ]ilienoiiien,i sm h .is die de- 

 basement of currencies, .md on new .md poviii\e 

 methods in the detection of .iiilhentii . I.ilse, or .ilteied 

 specimens, are the pers]ieeti\(s riAciled b\ these 

 methods. '^- 



The esthetic perfeclion of Creek coins li.is alw.i\s 

 appealed to collectors .iiid schol.irs. Perc\ (i.irdiier, 

 Reginald Poole ("On theek Coins ,is Illustrating 

 Greek .Art," 1864), (ieorge F. Hill (S.-lnl Cnrk (mi>is. 

 1'I27). and Sir .\rtliur i'.\-.ms have suggested die 

 rel.ition between the liisliii\ of .irt .md cl.issic.il 

 numism.ities. bill it is due to Kurt Reuliiii; tli.it the 

 Ch-eek coin h.is come to be gener.ilU accepted .is a 



111 Svduoniis, Sriiiifiu\ ili-\ milli- cuiin fmi^ 'In fmiii'ini- C. Chns- 

 l.uluuliis (1932); Hirr, Brikn Ihr Cmnlnfnln (I''2-)). 



"- .\n cxrclk-nt liibliocraphv on llie suljjcrl is in \\siiii, 

 'Wumnmiiliipii- rl mllhiiil,^ >lr l.ilm.ilon" (I'JiSi); see ;ils.> the 

 journal ArilMrniiuiry. 



I'.M'ER 32: NUMISM.ATICS- AN ANCII.NT Sf:iKN(;l'; 



45 



