relati-d series. The la tier's views can lie seen in his 

 article "Studien zur Zeitfolge dt-r Miinzpranuni; der 

 romischcn Repubhl;"' (1054).''^ In addition to stylis- 

 tic considerations. AHoldi also proposed the compara- 

 ti\e study of dies as a possiiile kev to soKint; prolilems 

 of relative chronoloqv in certain coinages. He at- 

 lenipted to apph this in his article "Tfie P(]ilrail of 

 C 'aesar on the Denarii of 44 15. C. .infl the Seqnence 

 of the Issues" (l'^.~>fi). .Siniilai methods were used li\ 

 the British scholar C'.cjlin M. Kiaa\ in fiis studies of 

 the Roman imperial series. Mr. Kraay was ahle to 

 cast new lii^ht on the operation of llie Roman mint 

 l)\ \irtue of his rtsearch on the cdp|)er coinai;e of 

 Emperor Galha in the liook Tlu- Ais Cmihigr nj (ialha 

 (1036). 



It is (.]|j\icjiis that the numismatic hi^tor\' of tin- first 

 Roman emperors is especialh popul.u' with ISritish 

 scholars. In order to complete our snr\-e\ of Rum.m 

 niimismalics we sIkjuIiI not lail to mention Roliert 

 ."X. Ci. ('arson, in charge of Rom.ui coins at the British 

 Museum, who has made man\ contributions to the 

 historv of Roman coinage in general ,ind of Roman 

 Britain in particular. Michael Grant is tlie aiuhor 

 of a recent handl)ook, Rom/iii Ini/inin/ .Moiuv (l''.S4), 

 as well as studies on the c<jinat;es c)f .\u'-;ustus and 

 Tiberius, such as J'}i»ri Inijninmi to .liirt(iii/ti\ (I'Md) 

 and Aspects of tin- Primipatf of 'fi/',i/ii\ (l''3n). Hie 

 great specialist in the history ol Rom.m Biitain is 

 ('arol H. \'. Sutherland, who li.is produced, in addi- 

 tion to many studies on Roman numismatics, a history 

 on Coinage and Curreiiey in Ronnin Biilain (1') 37 ).'■''■' 



The histor\' of the ccjinage ol the late Roman 

 Empin- has proxi-n to be a \er\- attractixe field of 

 research for scholars in nianv countries. In surxeying 

 the past few decades we should mention, in addition 

 to the work of the aboxe-noted Austrians Karl Pink, 

 Robert Gobi, and Georg Elmer, nianx- additioiuil 

 studies coming from other countries. To the monu- 

 mental but partly obsijlete work of Jules Maurice, 

 Aiiniisnialiquf conslanlinu iinr (|jublishefl in 3 xolumes 

 between 1908 and r'|2), hax'e been added recentlx 

 a series of signal contriljutions to the stiidx- ol the 

 coinage of Clonstantine the Cire.il, by Patrick I-iinun, 

 Andreas Alfoldi, and Maria Alfoldi. Other periods ol 

 Roman history have been inxestigated in numerous 



13X A list of his works is in Boon, "O.ux re litti'iaiic clWndrc' 

 Alfoldi" (1959-1960). 



'3» For a bibliography of other works by Grant and Sutlu-rland, 

 sec Carson, "A Report on Research in Roman Nuinisinalics" 

 (1953), and especially the recent report of M.xTTiNcrv, •■TIk- 

 Republic and the Early Empire" (1961). 



PAPER 32: NUMISMATICS AN ANCIENT S(:IENC:E 



studies which ranne from loin ho.irds, llirouuli the 

 history of the Lue Koni.in mints, to sucli dixeisified 

 themes as the metrolonx ,uul lechiii(|Uf nf l.ile Rum.iii 

 coins. The British scholars Rolurt .\, G. Cu^on, 

 Clan. I II. W ,Suth<rl,md, |. P. C. Rml, Philip I lill, 

 the Ciernians Konr.id Kr.ill, Maria R, .MIoldi, .iiid 

 die .\iislriaii CJuido Bruck, the I'reiu h Pierre Basiien, 

 .ind the .Scandinax iaii P.iiiiek liruun .ire milx .i few 

 ol llie outsi.nuliim scholars x\ho liaxc iii.ide miI)- 

 slaiUi.il contriiiuiiniis in this lield. 



BYZANTINE AND NEAR EASTERN 

 NUMISMATICS 



In Bxv.mline uuniisiiiatii s ici cut scholarlx .illenliou 

 h.is lieen Concentr.iled cjiiellx- un specialized siibjecls. 

 Works on metroloi^ical pioblinis. on the moiiet.nx 

 poliex' and currency reforms of Bxzantine eiiipeKiis, 

 as well as publications of hoard material can be 

 recorded for the past fexv decades.'*" 



In Israel the research of .\dolf Reifenberi; (IS')')- 

 1''33)"' into his nation's old coinaues [Aiiiunl Jisfnh 

 (jiiNs, l')4()) is beinq continued at previit bx in.inx 

 scholars at the Hebrew L'nixcrsity in |erusaleiii .ind 

 at Kadman .\umismatic ^'Iuseum in Tel .\\ ix . Many 

 important ( Diilrilmtions are to be lound m the |iubli- 

 cations of the Israel Xumism.itic Societx' .md in Leo 

 Kadman's monotiraphs on ancient sites in the series 

 "('orpus nummoruni P.il.iestinensium." 



The coinages ol the Isl.imic workl li.ixc been one 

 cif the fax'orile subjects for British scholars. To 

 William M.irsden's .\ iinii\ma/ii oiirnlulu! illiisliiitu 

 (IS23 IS23) and Olixer Godrinmon's Mniiuiil oj 

 Miniilman Xuniiunalus (I ''(14) iiiaux" usetiil reli-rences 

 li.iX'C been added durini; the closini; xe.iis cil the l'»tli 

 and the Ijegiimini; of the 2ntli centuries."- Stanley 

 l.ane-Poole's yieat work in lo xolmues. dulnlooui- oJ 

 Onetilal Coins in llif lhiti\lt Museum, was issued beiweeu 

 IS73 and l.S')(). Recently John Walker lias publishetl 

 tx\(i xdlumes of die Catalogue of Muluitnnuulan Cuius in 

 the Bntisli Musi'uni (I'l41; P'Sd) w liich cox cr the .\rab- 

 Sassanian ,ind the .\rali Bxzantine coin.mes. His 



"" 1 en moil- <l<t,iils on rcccnl di\ ilopnicnts. sei- Caksun, op. 

 (it.; KrM', ■■The I.atc l^iini.in l.nipire" (l'i(il); Miiexi.r, 

 ■■The Byzantine I'.mpiir" (I'Xil). 



1" Sec CASsero-SAi.ZMANN, 'iiibliot^raphy of .\. Reifenberi;" 

 (l')54). 



I'- I'or a snrvey, see Mii.rs, "IsiaTiiic and Sas.inian Nnniis- 

 matics" (195.^) and 'Tslamic IS'iimi.'^niatics" (I'XiI). See also 

 Mavf.k, Hihl:oi;nif>kr "/ Muslrm .Xiimi smiths (l')St). 



49 



