works, as well as the siuciifs of the Ainerican George 

 C. Miles {The Cinn/it;e of the Umajyades of Spain, 1950, 

 Early Arabic Glass Weights ami Stamps, 1948, 1951) arc 

 real acconiplishinenls in the field of Oriental nuniis- 

 inatic research. Also noteworthy is Gobi's attempted 

 "Aufbau" of the Sassanian coinage. 



Still useful as references arc the old catalogs of 

 major Islamic collections such as Carl J. Tornberg's 

 \umi ciififi (1846) for the Stockholm R(nal Cabinet 

 or Aleksei K. Markov's Inrentarnu katalog tniisul- 

 manskikh monel (1896) for the Hermitage collections. 

 The catalog of the Berlin cabinet, h'atalog der orien- 

 talischen Miwzcn. compiled by H. Niitzel between 

 1898 and 1902, is of less permanent value. 



The picture of modern Islamic research would be 

 incomplete without mentioning the names of Paul 

 Balog, author of many works on technic.il |5rol)lems; 

 Marcel Junglleisch, specialist in metrological prob- 

 lems; Doniinic|ue Sourdcl in France; Ulla S. Linder 

 W'elin in Sweden; A. Byko\- and E. A. Da\ido\itch 

 in Russia; or Felipe Mateu y Llopis in Spain, who 

 has been publishing, among other specialized studies, 

 a listing of Islamic coin hoards found in Spain. 



MEDIEVAL NUMISMATICS 



Whereas in ancient and, in particular, Greek 

 numismalics the emphasis falls \ery often upon 

 esthetics, in the medieval and modern periods 

 historical and economic factors .seem !o [ircxail. 

 Many complex problems connected with the turbulent 

 events of ihe migrations and their ensuing periods — 

 trade relations, trade routes, economic expan.sion, 

 penetration of foreign ethnic elements, sovereign 

 rights, and other questions — often tind an unexpected 

 answer in coin hoards. Thus, major attention is 

 given to the exact historical attribution of coin finds 

 and to a sound, comprehensive interpretation of hoard 

 materials. German, French, Scandinavian, and Brit- 

 ish scholars lead in the field of interpreting medieval 

 finds. 



After the noted Austrian scholar Arnold Luschin 

 \on Ebengreuth,"' the study of medieval numismatics 

 was pursued by many German scholars such as 

 Arthur Suhle, Wilhehn Jesse, and Walter Haevernick. 

 Since 1947, Haevernick and a group of younger 

 numismatists like Peter Berghaus and Gert Hatz, 

 who ha\e centered around the periodical Hamburger 



Beitrdge 'iir .Xumismatik, have begun systematically to 

 mine the enormous numismatic material of the 

 German territories.'" Recently Prof. Haevernick, 

 in collaboration with Suhic and E. Mertens, attempted 

 to collect the hoard material for Thuringia in Die 

 iiiitlclalterlichen Miinzjunde in T/tiiringen (1955). 



.Stimulated by this intensive work on medieval finds, 

 many .scholars have produced first-rate studies such as 

 monographs on single mints or entire regions as well 

 as comprehensive works of a more general character. 

 J'or exam])le. Karl Kennepohl published the history 

 of the coinage of Osnabriick, Die Miinzrn von Osnahriick 

 f 1938), and Friedrich Wielandt included in his Badtsche 

 Miinz- und Geldgcschicltte (1955) the monetary history 

 of Baden from the 14th century to modern times, 

 riie history of economics and especially the history of 

 medieval trade centers have benefited greatly from 

 such preliminary studies of hoards. As an illustration 

 of the latter, Herbert Jankuhn's Haithahu: Em 

 Ilandelsplatz der U'lkingerzeit, which went into its third 

 edition in 1956, attempts to bring into focus the full 

 picture of medieval trade in the Germanic north, while 

 economic historian Emil Waschinski's main preoccu- 

 pation is the history of prices and the buying power 

 of money. "^ Other works of exceptional merit in 

 Germany which draw strongly upon hoard material 

 are Vera Jannner's study of the beginning of the 

 coinage in .Saxcjny (Die Anjdnge der Miinzprdgung im 

 Herz'igliitn Saehsen, 1952), Wilhelm Jesse's Wendische 

 Miinzvercin (1928) and more recently his Miinz- und 

 Gcldgescltiehte Niedersachsens (1952). Jesse is also the 

 author of an invaluable publication of .source material 

 on German numismatics: Qjte/lenbuch zur Miinz- und 

 Geldgcschicltte des Mittelallcrs (1924). 



France has had a well-established tradition in this 

 field since the [)ast century, a tradition which has been 

 kept alive through such authoritative studies as Traite 

 de nurnismatique du moyen age (1891-1905), by Arthur 

 Engcl and Raymond Serrure, and through such pub- 

 lications as those by Maurice Prou on the coinages of 

 the Merovingians and the Carolingians {Les monnaies 

 merovingiennes, 1892; Les monnaies carolingiennes, 1896), 

 by Gustave L. Schlumbergcr on the period of the 

 Crusades {Nurnismatique de I'Orient Latin, 1878-1882), 

 and by .Adrien Blanchet and Adolph Dieudonne, 



'" For his obituary, sec Loehr, "Das numismatischc Lcbcns- 

 wcrk Arnold von Lu.sdiins"' (1933). 



'" Good bibliographical surveys on medieval numismatics are 

 in Bkrghahs, "Die friihmittelalterliche Numismatik" (1961); 

 Hatz, "Deutschland" (1961). 



'** Walirung, Preisenlwicklung und Kmtjkrajl des Grides in 

 Sclileswig-Holstnn von 7266-7864 (1952) and Die Miinz- "nd 

 ]\'dlirungspolilili des Deulschrn Orilens (1952). 



50 



BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 



