avitliors ol .1 hanclliouk mi I'rcncli coiiuiucs, Manuil ilc 

 lUimiMiiiiliijtu' txiiK^am: ])iil)lishccl in 4 Nnliinirs lictwcrii 

 \')\1 and l''3().'^" In recent limes the Lite I'iene Le 

 Genlilliiininie ( I 'UD j 'M" l, Jaeques ^■\llIl, and es|)e- 

 cialK' Jean Lalamie are the leading names in mnnis- 

 niatic reseairh of the earl\- and hite Middli- ALi,es in 

 France. Altliousli no major wcjrk on I''i'ench feudal 

 coinage has heen issued witiiin the past few decades, 

 there have been inan\' speciahzed stndies on regional 

 issues, on various coin types, or on coin lintls and llieir 

 iin]5ortancc. Quite often these stndies are inter- 

 spersed vvitli interesting discussions on the monetar\ 

 history of France.'^' 



In Great Britain efforts lia\e centered on a pnlih- 

 cation similar to the s\lIo£>e ol Cireek coins. 1 he hist 

 two NiihinU's of the Syl/ngi- nf Cnins of l/i,' lhili\li Isli\ 

 Aiiiiiiil lhih\li mil/ Ang/ii-\ii\iiii (juin ni tin' l-'il •jtilliuiii 

 Aluiiiiin (pi.T'Sl I IV Philip Cirierson, and .\ii»lii-Sii\uii 

 Coins in ihi' Ilnnti'iian and tin Conls ( nilLt Innis (I'Uil) I ly 

 Anne KoKertson — are a x'ery promising heginniii',;. 

 Numerous other studies related to the coinages ol the 

 early kingdom are e\ idence ol the excelleiu results 

 being acliie\ed iit Great Britain by such scholars as 

 Michael l)olle\, Fhili|) \'. Mill, and Ian .\. Stewart. 

 As Grierson slated," In the detailed sliuU and anaUsis 

 of priw marks ... in the identihcation and e\cn the 

 reconstruction of the history of individual dies . . . 

 English scholars ha\e pushed their study to a higher 

 point th.m h.is Ijcen attained elsewhere." '"* 



A leading scholar of numismatic research on the 

 Middle Ages is Phili]^ Grierson from England. 

 With a fine, synthesizing mind, possessing an impre.ssi\e 

 store of numismatic and historical data, he has covered 

 in numerous studies almost the entire continent ol 

 Europe. Within the wide range of his research, which 

 begins with the late Roman and Byzantine ])eriods 

 and comes up to the late Middle Ages, he encloses a 

 multitude of geographical areas: Mediterranean, 

 Gentral European, and Scandinavian countries, as 

 well as the Arabic world. The monetary relations 

 between East and West (especially llie Byzantine 

 Empire and the Arabs), the origin and evolution of 

 certain coin den(jminations, the legal asjiects ol special 

 nionetarv prcjblems, the interpretation ol coin hoards, 



the id<-iniln .nion ol i ouinerleils aic oiiU .i liw of tiie 

 manilold snlijects prolied b\' (uirrson."'' 



Also |.ironiinent in the held ol medieval mimismatics 

 are the Scandinavian coumries,''" especi.illv Sweden, 

 with intensive research centeied chielK aroinid linds 

 ol the migration period. .Scholars such as iienul 

 Fhordeman and Nils Liidvig Rasmusson in Sweden, 

 Flails Flolst in Norway, (Jeorg (i.ilster ''' in l)eiiin,irk. 

 and Helmer Salnio in Finland li.ivc (diiti ibnied greativ 

 to defining the rcjle pl.ived 1 1\ the .Sc .nidin.ix i.in region 

 in the iiKjiietarv evolution ol Europe. 



Gnrrentiv, nieclie\.il nnmismalics ,ilso finds wide 

 recognition bevond the lion (liiil.iin in e.istei n 

 Europe, in counliies. Recent reports, especialb from 

 C!zechoslo\ akia. i'ohnul. .ind RmiKini.i. show ili.it a 

 ver\ acti\ e ellort is beini; di reeled I' >w ,n d e\c,i\ alions 

 and toward classihcation ol Im.ird iiKiteiiab' '' .Some 

 of the re|)reseiitati\ e names include: Fiu.iniiehi 

 Nohejlox a-Fi atov.'i in ( '.zechoslov aki.i. .iiithor of ,ni 

 extensive publication on hoard m.ileii.il in bohenii.i, 

 Moravia, and .Silesia liom .nicient times up to the 

 I'hh century. Aiilt'ZV tnnni r L'.nln'nii. tin Mniiiv? a ve 

 SlfZiku (l').S.S FFSK); Bncur .\lilrej and • )( l.i\ Floca 

 in Rumania, with research on treasures luiimi within 

 the ancient I)acian territoiv ; Stanislaw Suchodolski, 

 I'adeusz Lewicki, and Rvs/ard Ixiersnow ski in 

 Fol.iiid; \'. F. [.mill .md \. \'. Sokolov.i in Russi.i ; 

 Lajos Huszar in Hungary; and T. Gcrassimou in 

 Bulgaria. 



Interest in the mediev.il period li.is been traditional 

 in these eastern laiiopean comitri<'s. 'Flie pulilica- 

 tions of Marian Guniowski in I'oland (I'mhi-frjiik 

 tiimnrjiiatrki pn/sktr/. I'il4, .mil Cm/'in niinininiinii 

 Polnniar, l')3''), of C. Moisil :ind < >. Iliescu in Ru- 



11'' 1 III liinlicr lnl)lioa;raphiral inlnriii:iliiiii, sii- Ckuuson, 

 S,t,;;l Hil'liuii,„pln\ pp. 3(.-4ll: BcA.Niem i and I )ii i noN.NK, 

 Maniiil ill- niminmnlnilli- friiiii'nu\ vol. 4, pp. 1 4. 



h" .Sec ^■v(lN, 'i'rancc. Italie ct f^iiriil I.aliii" (l'>(il). 



n* R(|ioit on Medieval Numisinatii s," |)p. HO 81. 



1" For soinr l)ililiiic;iai)liir,il iiilm iii.ilinn sec fluiiKsoN, 

 "Report" (1''S.3); Mkicalf, " I'lic Uv/, inline linpiie" (T'dl); 

 BrRGHAes, ■■Die riuhmittelallii Hi 1" Xiiiiiisin.iiik" (I'lfd). 



I™ Sec Rasmilsscin, ■■.Scandin.iv i.in Mrillev.il Niiinisinalirs" 

 (1061). 



i''i For a lis! of his pulilic .ilions. see (Jvisn u. Conn ,ni,l lli-.n<iv. 

 pp. 7-l.\ _ _ _ 



IM For a bibliographical .survey, see .\i mi ji ova-I'haiova, 

 "La numismatiquc en Ti heelioslovariiiir drpiiis l')-t.S" (19S.3). 

 For reports on Polish niiinism.ilii s. see l.i uieKI, ".Seieiitilie 

 ,\etivity of the .Niiinisin.itii Centre" (I'ldl); SneiKinorsKi, 

 ■■Review ol ihr Hilihtmr.iphv ol r<4ish Niiniisin.itii s, I'l.SK 

 I'X)!!'^ (I'll, I); Kll usNowsKl, ■•1..I niiinisni.ili<|ii( iiii'ilie\ ale en 

 I',nro|ie de I'l-'.st" (I'X.l), I oi Rniiiain.i, see MiiKi v. ■■( :in( i- 

 spre/.eee ani de artivilale iiinnisin.iiiea in RepuMi. .i I'opiil.ira 

 Romina; Bibliomafie" (l')Wl). l'"r a uener.il siiiAey ot 

 I'.astein Europe, see .Xiimism.iliu lif l.itaalnr O^lrum/Mi uml tin 

 Hnlkam (lO.S'); 1963). 



PAPER 32: NUMISMATICS— AN ANCIKNT SfilKNClR 



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