economic evolution of Ital\ and the entire Mediter- 

 ranean world. 



During the last century, numismatics of the Iberian 

 Peninsula continued its centuries-old tradition, and 

 many important works were published, as can be seen 

 in the voluminous Spanish and Portuguese bil)li- 

 ography recenUy issued by Felipe Mateu y Llopis.'^* 

 The tradition of penetrating deep into the history of 

 a coinage and studying it in connection with con- 

 temporary documents was established during the 

 19th century by Alois Hciss (1820-1893), with excel- 

 lent handbooks like Descrifuion General de las monedas 

 liis/miw-crislianas (1865-1869). This scholarly tradi- 

 tion \vas followed by many outstanding Spanish 

 numismatists such as Antonio Vives y Escudero, 

 Casto Maria del Rivero, Jose Amoros, .Antonio Bcl- 

 iran Martinez, Adolfo Hcrrera {El diiro: Estudio de los 

 reales de a ocho espaiioles, 1914), and Tomaso Dasi, who 

 added to his eight \olumcs entitled Estiidw de los 

 reales de a ocho (1950-1951) documents pertaining to 

 the monetary legislation of each period. At present 

 Spain can claim among its experts Prof. Felipe 

 .Mateu y Llopis, who has covered in a masterly way 

 the entire field of Spanish numismatics, from the 

 earliest periods of its history up to the present day. 

 He has published a series of basic studies that include 

 such titles as La moneda espaiiola (1946), Glosario 

 /lispanico de mimismatica (1946), and more recently the 

 Bibliografia de la hisloria monctaria de Espana (1958), 

 mentioned above. 



In 1959 Octavio Gil Farrcs published Hisloria dc la 

 moneda espanola, a handy reference book on general 

 Spanish numismatics which is annotated with an 

 excellent bibliography. Also noteworthy are the ex- 

 tensive studies by the American George Miles on the 

 period of the Visigoths and Moors in Spain: The 

 Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain (1950) and The Coin- 

 age oj the Visigoths of Spain (1952). 



Modern numismatic research in Portugal is repre- 

 sented chiefly by Dr. Augusto Carlos Teixeira dc 

 Aragao (1823-1903),'" author of the .standard hand- 

 book on Portuguese coinages, Descripqao geral e 

 historica das moedas cunhadas em name dos reis, regentes e 

 governadores de Portugal (1874-1880). Tei.xeira de 

 Aragao organized, with the support of King Louis I, 

 the numismatic collection in the royal palace of Ajuda. 



'■^* ftilthogrfifia dr la hisloria jnoudaria dc Espana (1958); sec 

 also his "Bibliografia numismSiica dc Espana y Portugal 

 rcfcrcntc a los siglos VIII a XVI"' (1961). 



'" Sec Bataliia Reis, "Hist6ria bibliografira da numismilica 

 portugucsa" (1946). 



Other men who have contributed greatly to the 

 development of Portuguese numismatics are Jose Leite 

 de Vasconcellos (1858-1941), a famous archaeologist 

 and teacher of numismatics, Manuel Joaquim de 

 Campos {Numismatica Indo-Portnguesa, 1901), Joaquim 

 Ferraro Vaz, author of a very handy reference on 

 Portuguese coins {Catalogo das moedas porliigiiesas, 

 1948), and Damiao Peres. With a study on the 

 coinage of -Alfonso V, .Moedas de Toro (1933), and a 

 major publication in two volumes entitled Cartilha da 

 numismatica portuguesa (1946; 1955), Pedro Batalha 

 Reis introduced the highest standards into Portuguese 

 numismatic research. 



Studies of similar merit can be found in South 

 .\merica, which can claim a series of outstanding 

 publications on Spanish-.American numismatics. 

 Manv of these works were written by the Chilean 

 Jose Toribio Medina (1852-1930) under such titles 

 as Las monedas clnlenas (1902) and Las monedas coloniales 

 hispano-amerucmas (1919).'^" More recently, works of 

 exceptional merit have been Humberto F. Burzio"s 

 competent studies on the mints of Potosi and Lima, 

 La eeca dc la villa imperial de Potosi (1 945) and La ceca de 

 Lima, 1563-US2-1 (1958), and his already-mentioned 

 dictionary; F. Xavier Calico's Aportacion a la histona 

 monetaria de Santa Fe de Bogota (1953); and Francisco 

 Pradeau's pulilications on Mexican coinages (1950 

 and 1957-1961). The latter scholar, an American, 

 first published his study in English in 1938 under 

 the title Numismatic History of Mexico from the Pre- 

 Columbian Epoch to 1823. 



Xumismatic interests are widespread in Latin 

 .America. Argentina leads with a series of organiza- 

 tions, where coins are studied and collected, such as 

 the Institute Bonaerense de Numismatica y Antigiie- 

 dades (w^th a Boletin published since 1942), the 

 Museo Historico Nacional,'''" the Academia Nacional 

 de la Hisloria, and the faculty of philosophy at the 

 University of Buenos Aires. Other Spanish-American 

 countries have various organizations formed by 

 collectors or students: in Chile, with a tradition 

 dating back to Medina's time, the Junta Chilena de 

 Numismatica and the Circulo de Amigos Numis- 

 maticos de Santiago; in Paraguay, the Instituto de 

 Numismatica; in Peru, the Sociedad Numismatica: in 

 Mexico, the .Sociedad Numismatica de Mexico, which 

 has published its Boletin since 1958. In Brazil, Rio de 

 Janeiro houses an important collection of coins in the 



'^« .Sec Roberts, Jose Toribio .Medina (1941). 

 '^" .Sec F.l Cabinele .\umismalicn del Museo Historico Nacional 

 (1949). 



54 



BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OK HISTORY .\ND TEC;iINOLOGY 



