Museu Historico and jt ihc Sucii^dadc Niunisinatica, 

 which was founded in r'43. Since r),i3. the Socie- 

 dadc Xnniisniatica Brasileira in Sao Paulo has ]iulj- 

 lished tlie Rfri\//i .\ iinii^nuilii n. 



In C;anada, modern nmnisni.itics is \ie\vcd oi'ien 

 as a deUyhthil hol)l)\ ol cuUectiny national ccjins 

 and tokens in numerous varieties and the current 

 trend seems to emphasize hand\- catalogs lor collectors. 

 No major stud\- can be found wldeh can compete 

 with the classic works on flan.i<_lian numismatics 

 published in the past century \)y Joseph I.eroux, 

 The Canadian (.'(uii Cabimi ( ISSS). and b\ P. Xapoleon 

 Breton, Illustfated History of Coins ami lUknis /u-lalin<; 

 tn Canada (18')4). Of tireat sitjnilicance are the twci 

 collections of documentar\- sources relalint; to the 

 financial histor\- of Clanada and of Xo\a Scotia, 

 published in 1023 and l')33. respectiwh'. by .\d.mi 

 Shortt. Since 1'130, when the Clanadian Numismatic 

 Association was founded. '//;(■ C. .\. A. Biilli-lni (Liter 

 The Canadian A nnuunalii' Journal) has carried m,iu\ 

 interestins; contributions to the national nionel.itx 

 history. 



NUMISMATICS IN ASIA AND AUSTRALIA 



In order to complete the overall pictuic in our 

 survey, we should mention the I'hili[)pines. .Au-tralia, 

 New Zealand, India, and a few other countries in 

 the Far East. 



The Philippine Numismatic and Anticiuarian .So- 

 ciety, with such members as Gilbert S. Perez. Pablo I. 

 de Jesus, Jose P. Bantu", since 1948 has published 

 man\' interesting; contributions on the numismatic 

 history of the island in a .series called Philippine 

 .Numismatic Mononraphs. 



Very active nmiiismatic centers are in .\ustralia: 

 the .Australian Numismatic .Society, founded in I'M 3, 

 and the South Australian Numismatic Society, 

 founded in 1^26. Both or<j;anizations pul)lish con- 

 tributions in their respective journals. .\n inform, i- 

 tive bulletin is issued also in New Zealand by the 

 Roval Numismatic .Society, .\mont; (ither note- 

 worthy contributions concerned with Australian 

 numismatics are Australasian Tokms and Coins (l''2l) 

 by .-\rthur .-Xndrews, Tin '^In<;ot\" aiid " Assay O/fiif" 

 Puns of South Australia [r'32] Ijy James I lum I )e,i( on, 

 and the Foundation of the Australian Momtaiy .Sr\t,in 

 (1953) by S.J. Butlin. 



Although India presents an extremeK imricatf 

 monetary pattern, it has attracted the .uieniion ol 



schol.us since the be'.;innin^ of the l'l|h ceiiiury. 

 I hese researchers, the m.ijoriiv of them Hl^l^ll, 

 tried to master the e.xtremelv v\ide ,iiid diveisi|i(<l 

 held oi Indi.m coins through numerou> public. itious 

 ol coin niateri.il. The seven v(j|umes of the Cataloi^iie 

 of Indian Coins in the liiitish .\lu\,um (1.SH4 |93(>) Inid 

 their parallel in the catalous of the Indian Museum in 

 C:,tlcutt,i, ol the I'aujab .Museum in l„ihi)re, (jr ol the 

 Clenlral Museum in Madras, all of these books 

 ptiblished by specialists such as Stanlev I-me-Poole, 

 i\ich, nd B. \\ hiiehiMd. P.. flnirsion. .md J. .Ml.ni,'''* 

 .More reccntiv-, Indian .uithors have contributed 

 activel)' to the Journal oj the Xuniismatie Soeiely of 

 India. 



"since coins plaved an important p.u'i in Chin.rs 

 (l( velopment, Chinese histori.ms realized .u .m e.nly 

 stage the imp(jrt,ince of numism.itic siudv. I he 

 earliest coin cttalot; (iiv Liu Ch'icn) is d.ued as far 

 back as tlie (n\i centuiv .\.l).. but. milortuiiati-ly, 

 it has Ijeen lost as also v\ere the works of the next 

 f<\\ centuries. Durin<_; the .Sun dvn.istv C'dd I2"9), 

 mimismatists, trying to interpret the <-ailv coinage, 

 often indulged in mythologic.il expLmations which 

 prevailed in CUiinese numism.ilics lor man\ centiuies. 

 Tlie .Mancliu period (1()44 l')||) r.tised this pr.iclice 

 to a more schol.nlv .i|)pro.ich. fiiit we c.m h.irdly 

 s|)e,ik of scientilic numism.itic n-search until the 

 public. itioii in 1S3'* ol I.i Iso-hsien's i.iI.iIol; hu 

 ih'uiin hui (Collection of Old Coins), a work profus<-lv 

 annot.ited with historic.il notes. 



Cihinese numism.itics in the past two centuries h.is 

 been described bv .Mr. W'.inL; \'ti-cirii.in: ■'( )n the 

 one hand, the collector-numism.ilisls studietl the 

 coin s|X'cim<'ns but v\ere un.ible to coiuributi' siib- 

 stanti.illv in decipheriny the letjends; on the other 

 li.ind. tlie epi^raphical scholars studied their inscrip- 

 tions but iie'_;le( led .ill other .ispecls ol the coins. 

 -Neither group possessed the knowledge of the otiiei', 

 but both contributed Iov\ar<l the .idv.mcemenl ol 

 ancient ( 'hinese luunism.ilics. If the knowletlye .md 

 the interest ol both h.id been combined, nninisin.itic 

 studies in ( !hina ini^hl h.ive .idy.mced further.'"'"''' 

 I)espite this, serious iiimiism.ilic studies were pro- 

 duced in the Inst h.ill of the pres<'nt centurv : in 

 l')38 Tiny I u-p.io published his hu eli'ien la tz'n-tien 

 I I'.iicvelopedi.i ol ( )ld Coins) in 2ll volumes: K,ili;.in 

 Shih published Modiin Coins of Cinna in I''!''; .md 

 ihe excelleiil studies of W.iiiu N li-eirii.m on e.irlv 



1'- I ,,r aililili'in.il I)il)li()Hr.i|)lis. srr .SiscaiM. Hililingrnj>hy of 

 l,„I,an Cuius (DSO-l'lS^) 

 >■■" W.vNG Yt'i-en'i'w. /•.'.ii/i Clnms, (.'uiiiu^r, pp. 4-5. 



PAPER .32: NUMISMATICS — AN ANCJENT SCIENCE 



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