Chincst' coins were puhlislu-d in English in 1951 and 

 in Chinese in 1957. Collecting also was widespread 

 and in 1940 the Chinese Numismaiic Society was 

 established in Shanghai, where it published a bi- 

 monthly periodical until 1945. 



In Japanese numismatics, E. dc Villarel's "Numis- 

 matiquejaponaise" (1892) and Neil Gordon Munro's 

 Coins of Japan (1904) arc sources which arc extensively 

 used to the present day. They were joined in later 

 years b\- Tlie Old and .Xnv Coins of Japan, a studv' b\- 

 Toyojiro Tsukamoto. translated into English in 19.30 

 l>y Saichiro Iiami. 'J'hc recent publications of the 

 .\sahi Shiml)unsha (1954), of Ma.sajiro Watanabe 

 (1955). and of .Xtsushi Koljata (1958), as well as 

 Toyosaburo .Araki's works on Japanese paper money, 

 illustrate the intense work done in numismatics b\- 

 Japanese collectors and scholars. 



In the West serious preoccupation with Far Eastern 

 numismatics goes l)ack to the end of the 19th century, 

 when .Xlbert Terrien de Lacouperie, with his Cata- 

 logue of Chinese Coins . . . of the British Museum 

 (1892), and Sir James Lockhart, with The Currency 

 of the Farther East (1895-1898), produced not only 

 excellent handbooks for the western world but also 

 serious contributions to Chinese numismatics in 

 particular. In more recent times these have included 

 the Chinese catalog of the Numismatic Cabinet in 

 Oslo, published in 1929 by Frederik Schjoth, the 

 studies of Arthur Braddan Coole, A Bibliography on 

 Far Eastern .Xumistnalics (1940) and Coins in China's 

 History (1936), and the excellent contribution of 

 Howard F. Bowker, American author of an extremely 

 useful bibliography. More recently, handy reference 

 l)ooks on the modern coinages of i)oth C'hina and 

 Japan have been published by Americans: Edward 

 Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (1954), and 

 Japanese Coinage (1953) by Norman Jacobs and 

 Cornelius X'ermculc. 



Also worth mentioning arc excellent puljlications 

 by Desire Lacroix {\umismatique annaniite, 1900), 

 Albert Schroeder (Annam, eludes numismatiqucs, 1905), 

 as ^v■ell as the work by Reginald Le May, The Coinage 

 ofSiam (1932). 



MEDALS 



The medal, through its implicit artistic character, 

 has never failed to attract collectors and students alike, 

 .^fter the voluminous accumulation of material pub- 



lished by \"an Loon and Hennin or gathered in the 

 Tresor de numismatique, a more discriminating research 

 set in during the fitial decades of the 19th century. 

 The national medal and especially the medal of the 

 Renaissance, with its exquisite artistic qualities, drew 

 the interest of .scholars. With the classic work of 

 .\lfrcd .'Xrmand, Les medailleurs italiens des XVe et XVIe 

 Slides, published in 1879, the Renaissance inedal 

 became a popular subject. Julius Friedlaender's 

 study of Italian medals from 1430 to 1530, as well as 

 Gcorg Haloich's excellent work Die Medaille der 

 italienischen Renaissance (1924) were followed by Sir 

 George Hill's classic Corpus of Italian Medals of the 

 Renaissance Before Cellini (1930). 



About the same time, the German medal and espe- 

 cially the medal of the period of Diirer found due 

 appreciation. The studies Die deutsche Medaille in 

 kunst-und kulturhistorischer Hinsicht (1907) by Karl 

 Domanig, based on the \'icnna Imperial Coin 

 Cabinet, and Die deutsche Schaumiinze des XVI. Jahr- 

 hunderts, published in 1929-1934 by Georg Habich 

 in Miinich, were great achievements which defined 

 not only the artistic excellence of the German medal 

 but also its historical importance. 



This tradition, well established in Paris and Munich, 

 continues to the present day. In France many re- 

 markable publications have came from the pens of 

 .•\lfred Armand, Ernest Babelon, Ludvig Bramsen, 

 and Fernand Mazerolle. Currently, Jean Babelon is 

 contributing, through his publications (e.g.. La 

 medaille et les medailleurs, 1927) and exhibitions, to the 

 artistic and historic appreciation of medals. At the 

 coin cal^inet in Munich, Max Bernhart (1883-1952), 

 who |3ul)lished the useful handbook Medaillen und 

 Plaketten (1919), and Prof. Paul Grotemeyer, still 

 active, have continued the excellent tradition estalj- 

 lished there by Georg Habich. 



Interest in medals is equally high in other countries. 

 .Among the outstanding scholars in this field are 

 H. Enno van Gelder in the Netherlands, a country 

 with an appreciation for medals that dates back 

 several hundred years, Eduard Holzmair in Vienna, 

 and .\ntonio Patrignani in Italy. .As a work of 

 unusual merit should be mentioned the Bibliographical 

 Dictionary of Medallists (1902-1930), published in eight 

 volumes by Leonard Forrer in London. 



Puljlic exhiiiitions of medals emphasizing historical 

 or artistic subjects have been arranged temporarily 

 in Paris (under the direction of the Paris mint), in 

 Madrid, and in Barcelona. The Coin Cabinet in 



56 



BULLETIN 229: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 



