lor the young Duke RoIkti .lucl his te<;rnt uioiher, lniUi.uice. Wiih ihis coin (eoii-ideici! in Ian a 



Maria Louisa. The gracehil hut otherwise in- pattern liee.iuse oiilv rn speeiuiens wei e siiuek), 



sisinificant portraits of the t\V() rulers is cr)U|>leii with the eentur\ -lonu series ol I'.niii.i coinages came ii) 



an exquisite reverse, in which skill in haruiouiousK an end. 

 balancing composition and detail adds t harm .md 



PAPAL ROME 



At the opening of the T'lh ceuluis, the |)a|)acy, from this tradition ihe work of the die euyravcrs 



syinljol of an age-old tradition of spiritual power, of ilie I'Mli cenlnr\- i-uierges as an almost eonipai i 



was conservatively defending the legacy of political i^roup, only sligluK' colored l)\- |)erson,d C|ualities 



autocracy against a constantly urowinu tide of lilier- of the various artists. This is espeeiallv true for- the 



alism and nationalism. The priiK iples of the I'rench first ])art of the et-uinry when .irtists like ( iioacchino 



Re\olntion, combined with the iniperi.ilislic tend- H.mier.ini, Tomm.iso Nreicandeiii, the (^erbara 



encies of Na])oIeon Bonajxnte, inllieted the tiist brutheis. the I'asinali biothers, .md l^onliylio 



Mow to the prestige of the p,ip,ic\. Pope Pius Z.iccagniiii worked ii m the p,ip,d mint. With ( larl 



\"il, ,is a captive among the splendors of the I reiu h X'oigt, howexcr, in the secimd h.df of die (cniiirv, 



court at Fontainbleau, lost all freedom <md lel.iiued a new concept c.nne to liuht .md cle.ii<-d die w.iy 



onh' his dignitv. After Napoleon's downlall, how- for the vigorous artists of the 2(iili cenluiy. 

 ever, the p.tpacv emersied once uioic \ittoiious. Tlie historv ni Rom.m '-;l\|iiics .md die enyi'.ivin!^ 



The new ideals of liijertv pro|:)ag,ite(-l l)\ the I'ri'nch, would be incoiuplele willimii the names of f;iuse|)pi; 



which initi.ited in ItaK' an er.i of politic .d lil n'r.ilisin Ciirouietti '' ( 177'' I.Sil ) ,ind his son Pieiro •' ( 1.SI2- 



and nation. ilistic tendencies, foinid siroii',; (ip|iosition bSS'M, Ijoth lauious euL^r.ixers i il nied.ds .md gems, 



in the he<id of the Roman C'hurcli. Pius IX fought (iiuseppe, alre.idy well known lor four pieces ol 



for the perpetuation of an aljsolutist regime of both scul|)ture in the cithediMJ .it Poh^no. \s.k forced by 



spiritual and political power instead of ^uidini.', lin.mci,il dilhculties to ( uiu cnlr.iie cliie||\ mi the 



the inoxement of unitv which w.is iiispirint; .ill cutting ol cameos, .1 remmier.ili\'e work which soon 



Italians. A bitter example of |)oliiic.il .iii.ieiaoiiisui, liroiight him worldw ide repute. ( iiiidcd b\ ( ^.inov.i's 



he proclaimed himself a captive within the w.ills neoclassicism and b\ (he iinf.iiliiiL; modih ol the 



of his own jjalace in order to s\iiiboli/e his .mt.igo- ancient Greeks, his works displ.i\ed ,iitivii( seusiiixiiy 



nisni when Rome was made the eapit.il in bS7ll .md technical perfecdoii. 

 of the recenth' proclaimed Kingdom ol It. il\ . In 1S22, on the recommend, ilion ol <!,iiio\.i, he 



In the ,irt of coinage, pap.il Rome h.is h.id .in \\_|^ hired .it the Rom. in mini, where he winked 



unrivaled tradition. .\ number of enqr.ivinu mas- under five pontills. Duriim his loiiu .ieli\ii\ there 



lerworks h,i\e emerged from tile will kshops ol .iitisis j^^. concentrated l.in,;ely on med.ils. I lis portr.iil 



like Beinenuto tiellini, Gasp.iro Molo, and the ,|„-dals of Miehel.int;elo. P.emeiiiito ( Vlliiii. .\nlonio 



Hamer.mi "dvnastv." enibellishinu the < oius .md ^.^,,,,,^,,, ,„„| (;,„dii,,il Cous.ilvi are judued to 



medals of pop.'s since the earlv hheen hundreds. ^^^_ ^^_^^^^^^^ ^^.^ l_^,^^ ^^^^_,^^ H„l,culli.,l in Sk<zzn> 



( Ihristian de\olion (mixed with memories ol impel i.il 1 1 r r- 



. . riif hiiinloruhiihlc considered Ins meil.ii ol liio- 



woild siniremacv) inspired a niagnihcent series ol ' . ,. ' . ... ... ,■ 1 ,■ 1 



, , ' r„ • • I 1 1 11 vaunt H.ittist.i .\icolini .is one ol Ihe piileel works 



portr.uts ol the pontifTs as spiritual and worldiv 



, , . ■ ,1 1 ; .„ .,„ .,,,,,,, of ih.il time. Other (re.ilioiis ol (.luseppe ( >iroineltl 



leaders. In its coinage Rome has t;i\en ,111 .istoii- 



ishing example of an art in stea<lv, ok,,, me evolulion inehule ,1 portr.iit c.mieo ol ( ieon.e W .isliiimton.'" 



over hundreds of vcars of unbroken tradition. So widespie.id w.is (hromeltrs l.uue tli.it lore.un 



-i BDM, sol. 2, pp. 273-2"-l, and vol. 7, p. 



376; Tiiii Ml iiiul I'lir his .k lixils' .is .1 t;cin i-m,'ia\iT, src: Kisi.;, IIm>lli;iil. nj I-ln- 



i',,r.ril (Inn-.: \,. V.. V . BxnirnN. I.n ^r,i;:ii,- ,11 /ii,n.< Imrs: 



Bkcker, voL 1-1, p. 181; Bolzi:nth..m., p. .305; M.^kmmiri, 



.-!«««//*//«.:«« rA /!■-.,»«, fascs. 2.3-24, p. 22n. U.m.ton, CV;/«/-.;.», ,./■ fc,.™ w/ CVm<. 



For his medals, see: Mazio. .1 /„/«,/»■ /'"""/""■■ ^l-so lh.n,p,„r '■^- fW.U, v„l. 2, p. 2-1; vol. , p. 368; vol. 8, p. 3>(t. 



0,l,ihg nj Pufal SUdah: C.AMoyz, and \',r.o\a, M,:l„!;l„,r M '- .\1auiinor,, l.ises. 23 21, p. 22n. 



Riuiiiiininiln: Bi,am:ii1, Lr medasiUr il,1 In :v h'lu'iinmniln. 



p.\PER 33: rr.\i-L\N c:oin KNf;K.-\\'i'.Ks .since ISIIO 

 (Jiin-s.'jl ° — ii'i 2 



