ETHNOLOGY. 467 



angos or Biiiles, Fire Builders ; Minneconjous, Those who have a farm 

 near the water ; YanktoDnais, Arrow Shooters ; Tetons, Pointed Lodges ; 

 Ohanypas, Two Kettles; and Warpetons, Tea Drinkers. Of the Ogal- 

 allas there are several small divisions, among which are the Ke-ax-as, 

 or Cut Offs; the Wtiz az e, or Branded Ones; and the E-iach-e cha, or 

 Bad Faces. In former times all Sioux east and north of the Missouri 

 Eiver were called Santees, and those west and south were called Tetons. 

 Of late years, of course, these names have become confused, the mem- 

 bers of the different bands wandering off and joining other Indians, 

 intermarrying, and forming new alliances. 



In June, 1852, 1 visited a village of the Sioux on the Mississippi Eiv^er, 

 at the head of Lake Pepin, called Red Wing, where Wa-cou-tah, their 

 chief, resided. The houses were permanently built of reeds and thatched 

 on top. Another large village, called Kaposia, then existed nearly op- 

 posite Saint Paul, Minn. The Indians I saw at that time were gen- 

 erally small men — bare-headed, their ears ornamented with steel bobs — 

 who would in no way bear comparison with the whites, either in. stature 

 or manliness, though said to be capable of enduring great fatigue. 

 While fishing at Lake Calhoun in 1852, the party I was with was quite 

 successful in catching fish, which were cooked in a Sioux lodge by a 

 squaw. The cookery was of the most filthy and wretched kind, and it 

 took me a long time to overcome the recollection of the horrible smell 

 of the viands after they were cooked. 



At the Eed Cloud agency in Nebraska there were in June, 1876, at 

 least eight thousand Sioux, besides fifteen hundred Cheyennes and a 

 thousand Arapahoes. These last-named Indians may be said to be 

 cousins of the Sioux, though their language is entirely different, and 

 they are obliged to communicate with each other by means of signs; 

 the sign-language being understood by many different tribes through- 

 out America. After a great deal of care and trouble, the savages have 

 been brought together at this place, where they are kindly cared for by 

 the Government, and some efforts are being made to teach them farming. 

 Just before my arrival, about a thousand Cheyennes had left for the 

 purpose of going on the war-path, and I could hear the drum, beaten 

 by the others, as they pounded it and sang all through the summer 

 night, sounding weird and wild enough. There are schools for the 

 younger members of the tribe, and a few of them appear to be advanc- 

 ing somewhat in the way of education. To change the whole charac- 

 ter of an Indian's ideas requires time, and too much must not be ex- 

 pected from these untamed sons of the western plains, whose ancestors 

 for hundreds of years past have hunted the buffalo. The land on which 

 the agency is located is not well adapted to agriculture, and it Is not 

 easy to see how they are to become farmers, when they have no good 

 farming-land to work on in order to gain a knowledge of husbandry. 



All about on the hills their canvas and buffalo skin tents or teepees 

 stretched in every direction, some being by themselves, while others 



