332 PAPILIONINA [melitaea 



England to Lancashire, S. Ireland, very local, extinct in 

 many places where it once occurred ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. 

 Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva black, lighter laterally, with white 

 dots ; eleven rows of whitish bristly spines, becoming orange- 

 ochreous dorsally ; head black, whitish-marked : on Melampy- 

 rum, Plantago, Digitalis, etc. ; 8-5. The young larvae hibernate 

 gregariously in a common web. 



4. Vanessa, F. 



Eyes hairy. Club of antennae abrupt. Fore wings : 10 

 separate. Hindwings with transverse vein pi-esent. 



A moderate genus, principally characteristic of the northern 

 hemisphere. Larva with six or seven rows of bristly spines. 

 Pupa with angular prominences, often with golden-metallic 

 spots. In probably all the species the imago is able to pro- 

 duce a slight stridulation by rubbing together the dorsum of 

 forewings and costa of hindwings. 



\. Hindwings with a conspicuous projection . 2. 



„ without conspicuous projection . 6. 



2. Wings with bluish spots . . . .3. 



,, without bluish spots . , L c-alhum. 



3. Forewings with black costal blotches . . 4. 



,, without black costal blotches 5. antiopa. 



4. Forewings with black subdorsal spots . . 5. 



,, without black subdorsal spots . 4. io. 



5. Forewings with costal subapical spot white 2. urficae. 



yellow 



3. polychloros. 



6. Wings black, with red fasciae . . 6. atalanta. 



,, brownish-orange, with black markings 7. cardui. 



\. V. c- album, L. 46-58 mm. Forewings and hindwings 

 with termen strongly irregularly dentate and deeply excavated ; 

 deep ferruginous - orange ; several black anterior spots or 

 blotches ; a deep ferruginous-brown terminal band, including 

 a series of oi*ange spots. Wings beneath fuscous, irregularly 

 marbled with dark and pale ; hindwings with a clear white 

 central C-shaped mark. 



England, formerly common, now local and mainly western ; 

 Europe, N. and WG. Asia ; 6, 9-5. Larva rather dark fuscous, 

 laterally reddish-tinged; 7-12 broadly whitish dorsally; 13 

 with two white spots ; seven rows of bristly pale brown or 

 yellowisli spines, whitish on the white area ; head blackish : on 

 Ifaiaulus, Ribes, and Urtica ; 5-8. 



