452 TORTRICINA 



wings : lb strongly fufcate, Ic more or less developed, 3, 4, 5 

 more or less approximated. Hindwings with frenulum, lb with 

 well-developed basal furcation, Ic present (except sometimes in 

 Epihlemidae), 6 and 7 usually approximated or stalked, 8 

 approximated to anterior half of upper margin of cell, some- 

 times connected with it, thence diverging. 



This is a very large group, everywhere present, but much 

 more chai-acteristic of temperate regions than of tropical. 

 Excepting the Trypanidae, the species are usually of small size ; 

 the greater number fly towards sunset. 



Imago with forewings oblong- triangular, hindwings trape 

 zoidal or elongate-ovate. 



Type of markings : Forewings with a basal patch, a central 

 fascia, and sometimes a costal patch before apex, or a round 

 metallic-edged patch (ocellus) above tornus. Hindwings with- 

 out markings. Ovum flattened-oval, usually smooth, sometimes 

 reticulated. Larva rather elongate, with few hairs, with 10 

 prolegs ; living concealed in rolled or joined leaves, or spun 

 shoots, or in stems or flower-heads or roots. Usually there are 

 no markings; hence the leaf-feeding forms, being often very 

 polyphagous, arc hardly to be discriminated. The liead is often 

 black when young and light-coloured later. 



Pupa with segments 8-11 free, in S 12 also ; protruded from 

 cocoon in emergence ; usually in the situation where the 

 larva fed. 



In the forewings of the imago there is often a longitudinal 

 dividing -vein cutting off" the upper posterior angle of the cell, 

 thus forming an auxiliary cell, but the character seems variable 

 and uncertain, and of no systematic value ; also sometimes a 

 forked vein traversing the middle of the cell, best seeii in the 

 Trypanulae, the upper fork being usually absent in the other 

 families. In the males of many forms the basal portion of the 

 costa of forewings is folded over above, and often includes some 

 expansible hairs (probably a scent-organ) ; this is termed the 

 costal fold. 



The four families may be considered as nearly correlated 

 branches from a common ancestor, nearly ap])roaching the 

 Scardia group of the Tineidae ; though the Epiblemidae may 

 not improbably be derived from an early form of Tortricidae. 



Tabulation of Families. 



1, 9 of forewings out of 7 . . 4. Trypanipae. 



„ „ separate . . . .2. 



