ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE. 135 



to more than eighteen per cent if we take into the account 

 the number living from which the deaths under five years 

 have been taken. In Massachusetts, of all the population, 

 there are twice as many that live to be seventy as die 

 under five. In the City of Salem there were living in the 

 year 1875 a number of persons between seventy and 

 eighty years of age equal to thirty-two per cent of all 

 births that occurred from seventy to eighty years pre- 

 vious. In the State of Massachusetts there were, between 

 seventy and eighty years of age, thirty-eight per cent of 

 the number that were born seventy and eighty years pre- 

 vious to the year 1875. From this fact we learn, as well 

 as from all the census reports, both state and national, that 

 thirty-eight per cent of all the population of the state 

 live to be seventy years and upwards. There is not a 

 single life-table that gives anywhere near the correct 

 number who die under five, and who live to l)e seventy 

 and upwards. The true duration of life of the different 

 countries of the world is as follows : 



England and Wales, 



Russia, 



Austria, 



France, 



Hungary, 



Switzerland, 



Italy, 



Spain, 



German Empire, 



The Netherlands, 



Massachusetts, 



Denmark, 



Sweden, 



It will be seen by the above that the English life-tables 

 fall short of the actual duration of life, according to the 



