284 



WARMING AND VENTILATION. 



through the ventilators placed on the opposite side to that by which the 

 foul air is removed. 



These means are far from being perfect, but their employment in 

 school-buildings already built is almost always easy and inexpensive. 



LYCEUMS AND COLLEGES. 



66. In these institutions, where it is of the greatest importance to 

 secure the change and purity of the air so as to promote the physical 

 development of the youth, it is well to provide for this renewal at the 

 rate of 500 cubic feet of air an hour for every child under 12 or 14 years, 

 and 900 cubic feet for every person 15 years old or older. 



The class and study rooms having to be warmed and ventilated con- 

 stantly during the day, and the sleeping-rooms during the night, it is 

 best to make use of such forms of heating and ventilating apparatus as 

 include all the rooms of the same building. Those employing hot water 

 should always be preferred, notwithstanding their greater first cost, be- 

 cause that is largely compensated for by their regularity of operation, 

 and also by their economy of fuel. 



Cast-iron stoves, too often used in these establishments, are extremely 

 injurious, not only because they heat too irregularly, and often to ex- 

 cess, but also because the iron, a porous metal, produces a noticeable and 

 dangerous alteration of the air. 



67. Application made at the Toulon Lyceum. — M. Laval, one of the 

 most skillful of French architects, and one who has for several years 

 past been specially occupied with questions relating to the healthfulness 

 of habitations, has made a very happy application of the principles just 

 mentioned in the new lyceum at Toulon, which he designed. Some de- 

 tails in regard to it will prove of interest, since they will serve both as 

 an exemplification of the rules and as a model to be followed in similar 

 circumstances. 



In this establishment, there is a main court-yard, giving access to 

 all the rooms, (Fig. 16.) This com- 

 municates right and left, by means 

 of passages, with the halls, studies, 

 and class-rooms of the first and 

 second divisions. At the rear, in 

 a separate building, are placed 

 the natural-history collections and 

 the i)liysical apparatus. Behind 

 this building is the hospital-court, 



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around which are, on the ground-floor, the dining-rooms and the kitchen, 

 and, on the second floor, the infirmary with its bed-rooms. 



The lyceum will accommodate 300 boarding-scholars, occupying during 

 the day six study-rooms and at night ten bed-rooms. There are also 

 twenty-two class-rooms, each intended for forty scholars on an average, 

 which should be ventilated at the same time as the study-rooms. All 



