WARMING AND VENTILATION. 315 



E, of enameled cast iron, which empty into another bowl, S, forming the 

 top of a down-pipe, U, of which there is one for each seat, but which, 

 by a simple arrangement, might have been more ecouomicallj^ made 

 common to the three floors. These down-pipes carry the contents to a 

 large hemispherical basin, O, of cast iron, always filled with water, iu 

 which their ends dip so as to prevent the gas from the well at the bot- 

 tom from rising through the pipes. The contents run off from the basin 

 O through the space X in the well, which is closed air-tight, and which, 

 according to the regulations, should be provided with a pipe for the es- 

 caj)e of gas to the top of the building. 



It follows from this arrangement that the only gases which can rise 

 to the top of the down-pipes in the closets are those which are formed 

 in the pipes. To prevent them from entering into the closets, and at 

 the same time to renew the air in the latter, M. L. Duvoir has connected 

 each of the under-bowls S with a pipe, T, leading to a ventilating-chim- 

 ney common to all the closets. 



Tlie draught exerted by this pipe V, increased by the use of hot-water 

 pipes or by other means, not only removes the gas developed in the 

 down-pipe, but it carries oft' from the closets, through the hole in the 

 seat, an amount of air equal to 1,200 cubic feet or more an hour to each 

 seat. 



Arrangements similar to the preceding have been applied with suc- 

 cess in privies with Turkish seats in budding b of the Vincennes Hos- 

 pital. 



Sinks. 



112. When sinks, intended to receive kitchen-slops, give out a bad 

 smell in spite of the precautionary measures jirescribed by the sewer- 

 regukitions, or when these regulations are not or cannot be observed, 

 this unpleasantness may be removed by means similar to those just 

 mentioned. 



DINING-ROOMS. 



113. In these rooms, where the steam from the dishes and the heat 

 from numerous lights, added to that produced by the people present, 

 cause a temperature often insupportable, it is easy to apply the rules 

 previously given. 



It will usually sufiice if the air be renewed four or five times an hour, 

 producing the draught near the floor, and making use, as will often be very 

 easy, of the heat from the wall-brackets to give it the required force. 



If the room is brilliantly lighted by many chandeliers placed over the 

 tables, an escape should be provided for the hot gases arising from the 

 combustion by openings in or near the ceiling. 



The openings for the admission of fresh air should be placed below the 

 former, but removed as far as possible from the people. 



It will then be found, as in the case of night drawing-schools, that 

 the general rules will have to be modified. 



