EXPEDITION TOWARD THE NORTH POLE. 381 



Among the fishes the Salmonidcv, Cottidcc, Gadldcc and Clu])eid(c, ^yill 

 he of the most interest, and good series should be secured. 



The terrestrial inferior animals should be all collected, each class in 

 its appropriate way. 



Try to get larva3 of insects, and observe tlieir life, whether they are 

 ■well adapted to their snrroundings; for in proportion to the insects are 

 the number of insectivorous animals, and for that reason the straggle 

 for life would be more energetic, and therefore only those insects which 

 are best adapted to the conditions will snrvive. 



Inferior marine animals are usually collected b^' two methods, viz, 

 with a pelagic net and by a dredge. Both these methods should be 

 employed whenever practicable. Especial attention should be paid to 

 the larviB, of which sketches should be made. The results of the dredg- 

 ing should be noted in blanks printed for this purpose, the specimens 

 to be preserved as their constitution requires. Muller's Liquor, glycer- 

 ine, solution of alcohol and sugar, &c. 



It would be of peculiar interest to stady the several deep regions, 

 admitted by Forbes and others, to ascertain if in the Arctic regions the 

 intensity of color increases with the depth, as has been stated to be the 

 case with red and violet, which, if true, would be just the contrary to 

 what is observed in the temperate and tropical regions. 



Of shells two sets should be preserved, one dry and the other icith the 

 animal, in alcohol 5 the dry shell is necessary- from the fact that the 

 alcohol, bj' the acetic acid produced, is apt to» destroy the color. 



It is particularly important to get as full a series as possible of the 

 members of the smaller fomilies, with a view to the preparation of mono- 

 graphs. 



There should be paid as much attention as possible to the fauna of 

 fresh-water lakes, to ascertain whether they contain marine forms, as 

 has been found to be the case with some of those in North America, 

 Scandinavia, Italy, and other countries. From this, important conclu- 

 sions regarding the rising of the coast may be arrived at. 



Botany. — Plants are to be collected in two ways. Of each species 

 some specimens should be put in alcohol to serve for studying the anat- 

 omy; the others to be dried between sheets of blotting-paper. Tlie 

 locality of each specimen should be noted, also its situation, the char- 

 acter of the soil. and height above the sea, the season, aiul whether there 

 is heJlotropismus, &c., &c. In the general notes there should be remarks 

 on the horizontal and vertical distribution. 



S. F. Bated. 



GEOLOGY. 



The most important point in the collection of geological specimens — 

 whether they consist of rocks, minerals, or fossils — is, that outbreaking 

 or digging them from the matrix or bed, each individual specimen should 

 be carefully wrapped separately in pliable but strong paper, with a label 



