384 EXPEDITION TOWARD THE NORTH POLE. 



1.5 feet. 



Ill such a case the facts should be noted exactly as seeu, without any 

 attempt to guess at the nature of the material that may fill the unex- 

 posed i)laces; but, generally, by comparing difl'erent sections of this 

 hiuil taken in the same region, the entire structure of a district may be 

 made out. 



The dip and strike of strata should also be carefully observed and 

 noted, as well as the occurrence of dikes or other outbursts of igneous 

 rocks, and the effects of the latter on the contiguous strata. 



All evidences of the elevation or sinking of coasts should likewise be 

 carefully observed and noted. 



Especial attention should be given to glacial phenomena of every 

 kind, such as the formation, size, movem.ents, «S:c,, of existing glaciers, 

 their abrading and other effects upon the subjacent rocks, tlieir forma- 

 tion of moraines, &c. ; also, the formation, extent, and movements of 

 icebergs, and their i)ower of transporting masses of rock, «S;c. 



At Cape Frazer, between latitude 50° north and longitude 70° west, 

 Dr. Hayes found some upper silurian fossils in a hard gray limestone. 

 This rock doubtless has a rather wide extension in the country referred 

 to, as other explorers have brought silurian fossils from several localities 

 farther southward and westward in this distant northern region. Should 

 the party visit the locality from which Dr. Hayes collected his specimens, 

 it is desirable that as complete a collection as possible should be ob- 

 tained, as most of those found by Dr. Hayes were lost. 



For making geological observations, and collecting geological speci- 

 mens, very few instruments are required. For determining the elevations 

 of mountains, and the general aUitude of the country, a barometer is 

 sufficiently accurate. For local elevations of less extent a pocket-level 

 (Locke's) should be provided. Tape-lines are also useful for measuring 

 vertical outcrops, and other purjjoses; and a good pocket-compass is 

 indispensable. The latter should have a clinometer attached. 



A good supply of well -tempered cast-steel hammers should also be 

 ])rovi(led. They should be of various sizes and forms, and ought to be 

 made with large enough eyes to receive stout handles, of which a good 

 number, made of well-seasoned hickoiy, should be prepared. Chisels 

 of different sizes should also be prepared of well-tempered steel. 



A pouch of leather or stout canvas, with a strap to i)ass over the 

 shoulder, will be found useful to c<jrry specimens for short distances. 



• F. B. Meek. 



