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ETHNOLOGY. 



i, {to come;) necoq aiitl ecoi), {to do;) unaslca aud ncdJca, {a frof/;) ucicn 

 and eoen, {.such as,) &c. We also find, in some instances, that conso- 

 nants are dropped at the end of words, as in the double forms helctcaf 

 and helcta, {bade,) &c.; "/v" also disappears not vinfi-equently, which 

 accounts for the double forms kw and m, {to come,) &c. K may disap- 

 pear also in the middle of words; thus we have IcaKt and l-ai, {to carrij,) 

 &c. It sometimes happens that when " A;," in the middle of a M^ord, is 

 followed by "i," this syllable "/it" is dropped; hence, we have double 

 forms, such as iKiuij and iui], {to anoint;) ilKiijitwl and iiyuivi, {to bridle,) 

 &c. But the greatest care is necessary not to confound this "Ai" 

 with the grammatical syllable "fci," which is inserted in verbs to impart 

 to them a more definite meaning, and is particularly incorporated in 

 verbs indicating a special relation to or for whom anythiiig is done; as, 

 for instance, oyalca, {to tell;) oKiyalca, {to tell to one, to somebody;) 

 thus, omciKiyalca, {tell me,) &c. 



We have in the Dakota language also a very interesting system of 

 consonantal permutations. Thus, among the liquids, a frequent (and 

 often ahnost optional) interchange of I and n; for instance, boy 

 is in the Dakota holcsiha and /tofcs/'Na, {I and oi;) or, if we wish to compare 

 the dialects of that language with one another, we have in Yauktonais 

 L,iL,a for " very ;'''' in the Titoq dialect the same ; in Sissitori jS^iNrt, {I and n 

 again interchanged.) Also the liquids n and m are interchangeable, 

 often ad libitum., even within the limits of one and the same Dakota 

 dialect; thus, for instance, the English preposition "oh," ^'■ujjon," is in 

 Dakota " akaw" as well as " akawt," «&c. 



We have in the Dakota language also a frequent interchange of k and 

 t,^ as, for instance, iiqn and i'rpi, both forms being used to denote belly, 

 abdomen. Thus, ceKjpa, which means navel, twin, may assume a double 

 form in'the comijounds hoMiccKpa and hoMiceTjia, where Jc and t inter- 

 change with each other without afi'ecting the signification of the woid 

 iu any way*whatever. Other examples are oKpaza and oTpaza, meaning 

 darlcness, night ; wiyaKpaivjya aud wiyaTpaTpa, signifying to glisten, to 

 glitter, \&c. This change takes place especially where the h or t is im- 

 mediately followed by p. The permutation above adverted to, between 

 1: and c, {teh,) is also of frequent occurrence. It not only takes place iu con^ 

 sequence of certain euphonic laws, but it would seem to be also optional, 

 as we find douTjle forms of one and the same word, the one with /;, the 

 other with 6 ; as, for instance, iKute and icute, meaning ammunition, &c. 

 K interchanges also with y, as, for instance, iu the double forms Kamna 

 and Yamna, meaning to acquire, &c. Then, ag;ain, y interchanges 

 with c ; thus hoksixopa and hoMido^m,^ meaning child. K interchanges, 

 moreover, with p; for instance, Kasto and vasto, {brush,) &.c. K inter- 

 changes also \yith b, as i\.ato\]ta and B«/oij/rt, {notch,) &c. Then, we fur- 

 thermore observe that labials interchange with each other ; for instance, 

 b with p, as Bago and Pago, two forms of one aud the same verb, mean- 

 ing to carve. Also, the labials p and m are seen to interchange with 



