252 ETHNOLOGY. 



of a later period, of the highest degree of polish and workmanship. The 

 specimen in question measures three inches in total length by two and 

 one-fourth inches in greatest breadth, and is a fair representative of the 

 "flat" spears found in localities where these rude implements are met 

 with, as in the gravelly bank of the Delaware south of Trenton, N. J., 

 and occasionally on the surface of the ground in the same neighbor- 

 hood. 



Associated with this flat-sided variety, but in far smaller numbers, is 

 a larger implement, that may be considered as a rude spear-head. Cer- 

 tainly, the shape of the specimeu, (figure 8,) as in the preceding case, 

 shows the point to have been the principal object in view. This speci- 

 men was found upon the surface, but is identical with those associated 

 with the gravel of the river-bank. Indeed, specimens of every typo of 

 " rude implements " are found upon the surface, and are plowed up 

 every spring and autumn ; but this in no way militates against the 

 opinion that these ruder forms are far older than the well-chipped jas- 

 per and beautifully-polished porphyry stone-work. 



The hatchet and the spear represent the two types from which the 

 more modern stone weapons have proceeded, and if we look upon these 

 as having been suggested by the use of the " turtle-backs" previously 

 for the uses to which the hatchet and spear were afterward put, so far 

 as that was practicable, then we have an unbroken line of development 

 in the manufacture of tools. 



Eude implements of a " domestic " type are exceedingly rare. "We 

 have met with but two such specimens, (figures 9 and 10.) Figure 9 

 represents a nondescript forui, innumerable uses for which can be im- 

 agined, but not easily demonstrated. Sir John Lubbock, in his " Pre- 

 historic Times," (2d ed., p. oiO, figures 199-200,) figures a very similar 

 specimen from Madras. The similarity in size and shape suggests the 

 probability that both these specimens were put to the same use ; and, 

 curiously enough, the India specimen, like figure 9, was found at a 

 considerable depth below the surface of the ground. Everything con- 

 nected with the history of this specimen shows that it should be classed 

 with the "turtle-backs" and the other forms that we have figured. 

 It is just six inches in length and two and three-fourths inches iu 

 greatest breadth. Nearly four inches of its length is of this width, 

 where it tapers to a stem-like handle a little over an inch in width. 

 The whole surface still retains traces of the blows of the hammer, and 

 the edges, those of the handle included, are all rudely chipped. 



With one other illustration of "rude implements" we shall close our 

 consideration of this portion of the subject. Figure 10 represents a form 

 of this class of relics wholly unique. That it is a product of human 

 workmanship no one can doubt; but, as in many of the preceding cases, 

 it is difficult to say for what it was especially designed. It was found 

 on the surface of a sandy field, where many of the ordinary shapes of 

 Indian relics occur. If intended for an ax with a handle, " all iu one," 



