STONE AGE IN NEW JERSEY. 355 



All the shovels from Xew Jersey, that we liave seen, were from local- 

 ities where the aborigines cultivated maize ; the jasper specimens from 

 Mercer County, exclusively, and those of sandstone and slate from 

 Burlington, Monmouth, and Ocean Counties. There may be an excep- 

 tion in ligure 154, which is simply labeled " oSTew Jersey," in the Salem 

 collection, it not being known from what part of the State the specimen 

 came. 



In the collection of Michael Newbold, esq., is one specimen of shovel, 

 which in finish, shape, and dimensions, is identical with that figured by 

 Professor Ran, in the Smithsonian Annual Report ; but is of sandstone 

 instead of " flint" or jasper. It was found in the very richest locality 

 for Indian agricultural relics in this State. 



Mr. Evans, in the fourth chapter of his work, has described in detail and 

 figured many specimens of so-called " chipped or rough-hewn celts," which 

 have every appearance of being " shovels" such as we have described; 

 or our shovels are " celts." Certainly they could not have been put to 

 a cutting use, while they are unnecessarily large for bone-splitting. Mr. 

 Evans himself remarks of some of these celts, '^as has already been 

 suggested, it is by no means improbable that some of these ruder un- 

 polished implements were employed in agriculture; like the so-called 

 shovels and hoes of flint of North America, described by Professor 

 Rau." 



Considering that the polished celts are quite as abundant in those 

 localities where implements of this character occur at all, it seems fair 

 to presume that the "chipped or rough-hewn" specimens were thus 

 made for some particular purpose, and not that they were rejected spe- 

 cimens, intended to be polished but for some reason thrown aside. 

 These chipped " celts" such as we have figured under different names, 

 as suggested by their size, are all carefully shaped and finished, but 

 have no polished surface, and yet the art of polishing stones was well 

 known to the Indians, as illustrated in the beautiful " skinning-knives " 

 we have figured, and which would be considered as " polished celts" in 

 England. 



Mr. Evans does not figure any specimen of " rough-hewn celt" as 

 large as the brown jasper shovel, figure 190, which bears more resem- 

 blance to many of the "drift implements" of France than any other 

 American " chipped flint " we have wseen, and exceeds in size the river- 

 drift implements, figured by Mr. Evans; the nearest approach to it 

 being his figure 472, from Midford llill, Salisbury.* 



Figure 196a represents a specimen of agricultural implement closely 

 allied in general appearance to the "rude implements" in chapter I L 

 It is a rudely-formed instrument for digging or hoeing roots or cultivated 

 corn ; is of sandstone and chipped over the greater portion of its sur- 

 face, with one side, throughout its whole length, more rounded and even 

 than the other, as though it formed the back to a rudely-edged blade. 

 * Auc. Stone Imp. of Gr. Br., ji. 554. 



