ZOOLOGY. 589 



vihraciilum.^^ Transitious between these two types liave even been 

 found in one species of Polyzoan, the ubiquitous Microporella ciliata. 

 In specimens from the Queen Charlotte Islands the following modifi- 

 cations were found: (1) "ordinary avicularium with pointed beak"; 

 (2) " avicularium with the mandible elongated into a spine " ; (3) " avicu- 

 larium with the spinous mandible supporting a membranous flapper"; 

 and (4) "vibraculoid structure with tall, well-developed seta and 

 partially-modified beak." 



BRACHIOPODS. 



General. 



Beramelen (J. F. van). Over den Bouw der Sclielpeu van Bracliiopoden en Chitonen. 



Med 1 pi. Acad. Proefsclir. Leiden, Brill, 1882. (8vo. 103 pp.) 

 . Untersuchungen iiber den anatomisclien uud liistologischen Ban der Bra- 



cMopoda testicardiuia. Mit 5 Taf. Jena. Zeitscbr. f. Naturwiss., 17. Bd., pp. 



88-161. 



Relations of the Bracliiopods. 



For the benefit of such as may desire to become acquainted with the 

 literature of Brachiopodology, it is fit to state here that Van Bemmelen's 

 article on the anatomical and histological structure of the Brachiopods 

 is directed in part to the attempt to prove an intimate relationship 

 between that class and the worms. It is claimed that instead of being 

 alUed to the Mollusca, the Brachiopods "appear to i^resent the closest 

 resemblance to the Chsetognatha. Not only do the ectoderm, enteric 

 canal, and the body-cavity present just the same developmental history, 

 but in both we observe a feeble development of connective tissue ; the 

 only differentiation in this layer is the formation of supporting fibres." 

 It is concluded that "the important differences are the possession by 

 the Brachiopod of a shell and of a stalk; but the former has been shown 

 to be merely a thickening of the cuticle, and the secondary value of the 

 latter is shown by the differences between the Testi- and Ecardines." 

 (J. R. M. S., (2,) V. 3, p. 338-360.) 



Dr. Van Bemmelen's facts, so far as given by the abstract, appear 

 on the whole to be well enough, but his use and collocation of them 

 scarcely seem justifiable on principles of sound logic and the facts con- 

 travening his postulate have scarcely been sufficiently considered. 



IX. MOLLUSKS. 

 General works. 



Fischer (Panl). Manuel de Conchyliologie on histoire uatnrelle des Mollusques vi- 

 vants et fossiles. Fasc. iv (C6phalopode8). pp. 305-416, fig. 105-201. Paris, F. 

 Savy, 1882. 8vo. 



Kobelt (Wilhelm). Kataloge lebender MolluskejL.- (Fusus Lam., Pisania Biv., PoUia 

 Gray, Meiula H. et A. Ad., Buocinopsis Jeffr., Neohuccinum E. A. Sm., Chlanidota 

 Marts., Clavella Sws., Desmoulea Gray). Jahrb. deutsch. Malakozool. Ges., 9. 

 Jabrg., pp. 8-29. 



