CORONADO'S MARCH. 331 



describing the valley in wliicli the province of Cibola was situated, 

 saj'S, "Cest iine valine tres-etroite entre des montagnes esearpees,"* 

 which is au exact description of the valley of the Eio de Zuili, confined 

 between the walls of inclosing mesas.' Again, Jaraniillo says " this first 

 village of Cibola is exposed a little towards the northeast, and to the 

 northwest in about five days' journey is a province of seven villages 

 called Tusayan,t all of which exactly accords with the exposed position 

 to the northeast of old ZuGi and correctly describes the location of the 

 Moqui villages. 



But there is some historical evidence upon this point which I consider 

 irrefragable, and which certainly makes Zufd and Cibola identical places. 



Referring to the relation of a notable journey made by Antonio de 

 Espejo to New Mexico, in 1583, to be found in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 

 iii, I read as follows: "Antonio de Espejo also visited Acoma, situated 

 upon a high rock which was about 50 paces high, having no other en- 

 trance but by a ladder or pair of stairs hewn into the same rock, whereat 

 our people marveled not a little. 



" Twenty-five leagues from hence, toward the west, they came to a 

 certain i^rovince called by the inhabitants themselves ZuGi, and by the 

 Spaniards Cibola, containing a great number of Indians, in which pro- 

 vince Francisco Yasquez de Coronado had been, and had erected nmny 

 crosses and other tokens of Christianity, which remained as yet stand- 

 ing. Here also they found three Indian Christians who^ had remained 

 there ever since the said journey, whose names were Andrew de Culia- 

 can, Gaspar de Mexico, and Antonio de Guadalajara, who had about 

 forgotten their language, but could speak the country speech very well ; 

 howbeit after some small conference with our men they easily under- 

 stood one another." 



Now turning to Castaneda's Eelations, where he gives an account of 

 Coronado's leaving the country for Mexico, I find his language as fol- 

 lows : " When the army arrived at Cibola it rested for a while to pre- 

 l^are itself for entering the desert, for it is the last point inhabited. We 

 left the country .entirely peaceful ; tliere were some Indians from Mexico 

 who had accompanied us, who remained there and established them- 

 selves, (il y eut meme quelques Indiens du Mexique qui nous avaieni ac- 

 compagnes, qui y resterent et s'y etablirent.")| 



Thus it would seem that the two accounts, of Espejo and Castaheda 

 correspond in such a manner as not to leave the slightest doubt that 

 ZuQi of the present day is the Cibola of old. Coronado left three of 

 his men at Cibola, who were found living there by Espejo and his party 

 forty years afterwards ; they had nearly forgotten their original lan- 

 guage, but yet, after awhile, managed to converse with some of Espejo's 

 men. What more natural, and, indeed, what could have been a more 

 interesting topic than the adventures of these men ; how they got there, 

 and whether Zuiii was veritably the far-famed Cibola that forty years 

 previously had excited the attention of the governments of New and 

 Old Spain. Espejo, under the above circumstances, reporting that the 

 Spaniards called Zuiii Cibola, certainly could not have meant anything 

 else than that he believed it veritably such. I have been thus particu- 

 lar with regard to this testimony, for the reason that Mr. Morgan, in his 

 essay already referred to, while he recognizes the historical foct of Zuiii 

 having been called by the Spaniards, according to Espejo's Eelations, 

 Cibola, in 1583, yet advances the idea that after all Espejo ijrobably 



* Castaneda's Relations, Ternaus Compans, p. 164. 

 t Jaraniillo's Relations, Ternaux Compans, p. 370. 

 t Castaneda's Relations, Ternaus Comx^ans, p. 217. 



