336 coRON ado's march. 



following remark by CastaSeda bas perplexed investigators not a little. 

 He remarks, that " when the army quitted Cicnye to go to Quivira we 

 entered the mountains, which it was necessary to cross to reacli the 

 l^lains, and on the fourth day we arrived at a great river, very deep, 

 which passes also near Cicuye. It is for this reason we call it the Rio 

 do Cicuye. Here we were ol3liged to build a bridge, which employed us 

 four days."* 



The difficulty has been to reconcile the statement that Cicuy6 (Pecos) 

 was on or near the Eio Cicuye, and yet that after four days' travel, after 

 traversing some mountains in a northeasterly direction, tlie army should 

 again cross it by a bridge. 



Now all this, I think, can be reconciled by refereiice to the accom- 

 panying map, on which will be found laid down a route, the only one, I 

 believe, existing at the present day between Pecos and Las Vegas, on 

 the Eio Gallinas, a tributary of the Eio Pecos, where the plains com- 

 mence.t The general direction of the road is northeast. It traverses 

 some very rough mountains, and the distance between the two Blaces is 

 about fifty miles, which might have necessitated, considering the rough- 

 ness of the route, a journey of four days, as the conditions require. Be- 

 sides, the Gallinas is liable to be flooded from the melting snows of the 

 neighboring sierras in the month of May and fore-part of June 5 this 

 naturally would make necessary at such times a bridge to cross it. 

 Emory, speaking about Las Vegas and its vicinity, says : " As we emerged 

 from the hills into the valley of the Vegas, our eyes were greeted for 

 the first time with waving corn. The stream (the Gallinas) wasjioodcd, 

 and the little drains by which the fields were irrigated full to the brim.'"f 



My idea is, then, that this stream being a tributary of the Pecos and 

 larger than the latter at Cicuye, (Pecos,) it was, in all probability, 

 called for those reasons the Eio de Cicuye, though the place by this 

 name was situated distant from it on another branch of the same river, 

 where the ruins of the Pecos village are now to be seen. 



I will also state, as strongly confirmatory of this location of Cicuye, 

 that on map No. 5 of the ''American Atlas, by Thomas Jefl'reys, pub- 

 lished in 1775," twice before referred to, I find laid down, in about the 

 present locality of Pecos, a place named " Sayaqne," which might well 

 answer for Cicuye. 



But where was Quivira? "the last" (place,) as Castaiieda remarks, 

 " which was visited by Coronado." Mr. Squier, on his map, before re- 

 ferred to, has the route pursued by Coronado laid down as extending 

 indefinitely in a northeastwardly direction, from Cicuye (Pecos ;) but 

 still, in his essay before referred to, says " there is no doubt that Vas- 

 quez Coronado penetrated, in 1541, to the region of Gran Quivira, vis- 

 ited and described by Gregg ; "§ that is the Quivira which on modern 

 maps is laid down in latitude about 34° north, and longitude 10G° west 

 from Greenwich, or about 100 miles directly south from Santa Fe. Lieu- 

 tenant Abert and Mr. Kern have expressed the same thing; the latter 

 locating Coronado's route* not in a northeast direction from Cicuye and 

 extending about six hundred miles, as required by the stakaneuts of Cas- 

 taiieda, Coronado, and Jaramillo ; but in a direction almost directly the 

 reverse — at first eastwardly and then westwardly, so as to make him 

 reach a place called Quivira in modern times, but located only about 



* Castaueda's Relations, Ternaux Compaus, pp. 115, 116. 



t This is the only route which for years has beeu taken by travelers and others from 

 Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. 



X Emory's Report, Ex. Doc. No. 7, 30th Congress, 1st session, p. 26. 

 $ American Review for November, 1848, p. 6. 



