GENERAL VIEWS ON ARCHAEOLOGY. 299 



formerly spread all over Europe ; no longer found at present except 

 in the forest of Bialowice in Lithuania, where there exists a herd of 

 some seven or eight hundred head, which owes its preservation to the 

 ukases of the Emperors of Russia. 



The skeleton of the urus is more thick set, squat, and much stronger. 

 His atlas attains the enormous width of twenty-seven centimetres- — 

 10.63 inches, (Museum of Lund.) The bison is more slender, he is 

 moreover furnished with thick fur and a strong mane, which appear to 

 have heen wanting in the urus, judging from what the ancients say. 



3°. Bos frontosus , (Nilsson.) 1 Appears to have existed in Denmark 

 only in the domestic state, during the age of bronze and the first part 

 of the age of iron, until about the commencement of the Christian era. 

 There are extensive remains of them in the peat-bogs of Denmark. 

 This species is distinguished from the others by the manner in which 

 the horns are fixed on a lateral protuberance of the skull, and by the 

 gibbosity of the occiput. 



4°. Bos taurus, (L.) Corresponds probably to the Bos longifrons of 

 Owen. It is the most generally diffused species, as a domestic race, 

 in the middle ages and at present. Only it attains a more vigorous 

 development than formerly. The wild ox of the park of Hamilton^ 

 in Scotland, {white urus,) is the same species, but in a wild state. 



The four species mentioned above present not only differences of 

 race, they are really distinct species. It is only the first, the urus 

 proper, which has been found in the Kjoekkenmoedding . The second, 

 the bison, is missing, but is found, though rarely, in the peat deposits 

 of Denmark. 



The elk (Cervus aloes, L.) and the rein-deer (Cervus tarandus, L.) 

 have not yet been discovered in the Kjoekkenmoedding . They will 

 doubtless be found therein, for their bones have been gathered among 

 the remains of the stone-age in Denmark. 



There are also found in the Kjoekkenmoedding : 

 The Wolf, (Canis lupus, L.) 

 The Fox, (Canis vidpes, L.) 

 The Lynx, (Felis lynx, L.) 

 The Wild-cat, (Felis cat us, L.) 

 The Sable, (Mustela martes, L.,) and 

 The Otter, (Lutra vulgaris, Erxl.) 

 These species are found more rarely than the preceding ones ; they 

 have, however, served as food to man. 



The hedge-hog (Erinaceus europceus, L.) and the water-rat (Hypu- 

 dceus amphibius, L.) have been found accidentally in the Kjoekken- 

 moedding, where they also find bones gnawed by these rats. 



Not the slightest trace has been found of the hare (Lepus timidus) in 

 the Kjoekkenmoedding . But this can be accounted for when we reflect 

 that the Laplanders and several other nations have a sort of supersti- 

 tious repugnance for the hare, and would not eat it except wheji 

 driven to do so by the utmost extremity of famine. 



According to what has already been stated, the Kjoekkenmoedding 

 have furnished no domestic animal whatsoever except the dog. And 



1 Nilsson. Scandinavisk fauna, II edit., Lund., 1847, p. 555. 



