GENERAL VIEWS ON AKCELEOLOGY. 327 



ined so many tolerably regular planes of cleavage. They continued 

 frequently the process of smoothiug by means of a piece of quartz, and 

 they gave the last finish with grindstones of different degrees of fine- 

 ness. 



Marks of the process by the aid of the saw do not yet appear to 

 have been observed in the North, where the raw material, the flint, 

 was roughed down and fashioned so well, simply by cleaving, that 

 nothing was left to the grindstone but to give a finish to certain pieces. 



The huts or cabins of the lacustrine establishments appear to have 

 been of a round shape, and constructed of lattice or wicker-work daubed 

 with clay in the interior; for there have been found fragments of vari- 

 ous sizes of this interior coating calcined, doubtless by conflagration, 

 and very well preserved, so that they display the interlacing of the 

 twigs. The same mode of construction was still in use among the 

 Gauls in the time of Cresar ; it is seen represented among the bas-re- 

 liefs of the column of Antoninus. 



At Waugen, pieces of cord and shreds of tissues, made from a vege- 

 table substance difficult to determine accurately, but resembling hemp 

 and flax, settle the question of the ancient cultivation of a textile 

 plant. The tissue being plaited and not woven in a weaver's loom, 

 it seems that this latter was not yet invented. A most unexpected 

 circumstance, but perfectly authenticated, is the presence of carbon- 

 ized grain at Moosseedorf, and that as far down as the bottom of the 

 peat layer containing ancient objects, exclusively belonging to the 

 age of stone. At Waugen the same discovery was made of carbon- 

 ized grain, and in great quantity, at a place which appears to have 

 been the locality of an ancient storehouse which was burned. Pro- 

 fessor Oswald Heer, at Zurich, the author of one of the finest works 

 on fossil flora, has examined this grain from Waugen, and has pro- 

 nounced it to be the ordinary wheat, (Trilicum vidgare,) the starch 

 wheat, or " grandeepeautre," (Triticum dicoccum,) and double-headed 

 barley, (Hordium distickon.) Therefore the population of the age of 

 stone, occupying the lacustrine habitations of Switzerland, raised 

 crops of grain. 1 



This fact might lead us to admit of a second age of stone, subsequent 

 to that of the KjoekJcenmoedding, if it were proved that the people who 

 accumulated these heaps of shells on the coast of Denmark were not 

 acquainted with agriculture. 2 



Age of Bronze. — As to what concerns this age, the objects of metal 

 which characterize it in the north, present the greatest analogy with 



r There have also been found at Waugen quarters of apples and of the wild pear, (Pyrus 

 malus and Pyrus communis.) They have been carbonized by fire, which had thus insured 

 their perfect preservation. At Moosseedorf Mr. Uhlraann found the|water-cal trop, (Trapa 

 natans, L,) which has now almost disappeared in Switzerland. As to the presence at Wau- 

 gen of beech nuts, (Fhgus silvatica,) of pine cones, (Pinus silvetlris,) and the seeds of the 

 raspberry and blackberry, (Rubus idceus and Robusfruticusus,) there is nothing surprising in 

 it. But the most abundant fruit of the lacustrine habitations of the age of stone in Switzer- 

 land is the filbert, (Conjlus avellana.) 



2 Mr. Heer has just discovered the carbonized fruit of flax (Linum usitatissimum) in the 

 lacustrine establishments of the age of stone, at Waugen and at Robenhausen, (lake of 

 Pfoeffikon,)and well characterized fragments of extremely coarse carbonized bread, found by 

 Mr. Messikommer, at Robenhausen. 



