346 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1955 



mosphere, produces less foaming but is slow, and large quantities of 

 blood are required. Glass plates, stationary cylinders, and inverted 

 truncated cones have also been used as filming surfaces. Here the 

 blood is exposed to oxygen as it runs down these surfaces. 



The first report of a successful temporary substitution by an entirely 

 mechanical apparatus for the functions of both the heart and lungs 

 of an animal was made public by John H. Gibbon, Jr., of Philadelphia 

 in 1939. (See pi. 3, fig. 2.) Using a pump oxygenator, Gibbon was 

 able to maintain the circulation of cats for periods of 2 hours and 51 

 minutes. Thirteen experiments in all were performed, and four of the 

 animals lived from 1 to 9 months after the experiments without signs 

 of neurological change. Oxygenation was achieved by filming the 

 blood on the inner surface of a vertical revolving cylinder (Gibbon, 

 1939). 



Following World War II the interest in mechanical hearts and me- 

 chanical heart-lungs reached a new height, and by 1951 there were 

 more than 30 such devices that had been built and tested throughout 

 the civilized world. 



Numerous reports of progress came from Europe. In 1948, Viking 

 Olov Bjork, working under Clarence Crafoord, of Sabbatsberg Hos- 

 pital, Stockholm, Sweden, reported that a perfusion pump was 

 employed on animals, performing the functions of the heart and lungs 

 long enough to permit intracardiac operations (Bjork, 1948 ; Crafoord, 

 1949). The following year, Jongbloed of the Physiological Institute 

 of the University of Utrecht, Holland, announced a mechanical heart 

 that was "considered ready for trial in man" (Jongbloed, 1949) . The 

 apparatus consisted of a battery of Dale-Schuster type pumps and an 

 oxygenator of rotating spirals of plastic tubing in which the blood was 

 filmed and exposed to oxygen (Jongbloed, 1951). The first artificial 

 heart that could pump imtreated blood without danger of clotting 

 was claimed by BruU of the Universite de Liege, Belgium, in 1950. 

 (Brull, 1950) D. G. Melrose of the Post-graduate Medical School 

 of London developed and described an apparatus similar to Bjork's 

 heart-lung but concluded that "the actual results of such interventions 

 in human beings must at present remain largely conjecture." From 

 the Municipal Hospital of Kampen, Holland, C. P. Dubbelman de- 

 scribed a heart-lung apparatus (Dubbelman, 1951) and experiments 

 employing 3 cows, 13 calves, and 2 dogs (Dubbelman, 1952) . 



Activity in the field in this country was equally keen and intense. 

 Charles P. Bailey and associates reported that they had been working 

 on tlie problem at the Hahnemann Medical College in cooperation with 

 the engineering division of Drexel Institute of Technology, Phila- 

 delphia, since 1940 (Bailey, O'Neill, Glover, Jamison, and Redondo, 

 1951 ; Ellis, 1951) . Sewell and Glenn at the Yale University School of 



